Quiz 5 Prep- Languages

Question 1

What outlines a true language?

Answer 1

Language is regular, arbitrary and productive

Question 2

Define “language is regular”

Answer 2

Governed by rules and grammar

Question 3

Define “language is arbitrary”

Answer 3

There is lack of resemblance between words and their meanings

Question 4

Define “language is productive”

Answer 4

Limitless ways to combine words to describe objects, situations and objects

Question 5

How do infants prove that language is productive?

Answer 5

They use novel words and phrases to combine sentences that have never been taught

Question 6

What is the Sapir-Wolf Hypothesis

Answer 6

Language influences how we perceive and influence the world and our culture

Question 7

Are thoughts and language the same?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

What form can thoughts take?

Answer 8

Language

Question 9

What happens if people from a different culture hear a new language?

Answer 9

They have a difficult time discriminating between the different terms

Question 10

Describe the Piraha tribe language

Answer 10

Native language containing 3 counting words- only identify “one, two, many”

Question 11

What did the tribe have difficulty with?

Answer 11

Understanding numerical concepts greater than 3

Question 12

How many languages are there

Answer 12

Over 3000

Question 13

Define morpheme

Answer 13

Smallest unit of sound that contains information

Question 14

Can words have multiple morphemes?

Answer 14

Yes, they are often a word but some words contain multiple

Question 15

Give example of word with multiple morphemes

Answer 15

Tablecloth

Question 16

How many morphemes are in “tables”?

Answer 16

Two

Question 17

Define phoneme

Answer 17

The smallest unit of sound in speech

Question 18

How many phonemes are in the word “dog”?

Answer 18

3

Question 19

Define syntax

Answer 19

Rules that govern how words in a sentence are put together

Question 20

What does syntax relate to?

Answer 20

• grammar
• regularity
• assigning objects a gender

Question 21

Define semantics

Answer 21

Meaning of each individual word

Question 22

How does syntax and semantics relate?

Answer 22

A word can have perfect syntactical structure but contain no meaning

Question 23

Define babbling

Answer 23

Drawn out sounds made up of a variety of combinations of vowels and consontants

Question 24

Why does babbling sound like questioning

Answer 24

It includes rhythm and inflection

Question 25

When do children experience language explosion

Answer 25

Between 1.5-6 years of age

Question 26

Describe experiment of infants and speech profiency

Answer 26

- familiarized infants aged 7.5-12 months with target word - wanted to know if infants can detect target words from speech stream

Question 27

What was the result of the Newman experiment?

Answer 27

Early speech segmentation skills showed positive correlation with expressive vocab at two years old

Question 28

What did children with good speech segmentation also portray

Answer 28

Stronger expressive vocab

Question 29

Between infants and adults, who can discriminate more phonemes?

Answer 29

Infants

Question 30

What does a child's phonemic sensitivity depend on?

Answer 30

The language they grew up with

Question 31

Define the "universal phenome sensitivty"

Answer 31

The ability of infants to discriminate between any sounds they’re tested on - includes sounds from non native languages

Question 32

How was phonemic sensitivity measured in infants

Answer 32

Head turn procedure

Question 33

Who performed worst in discriminating foreign phonemes?

Answer 33

English speaking adults

Question 34

Who did the English speaking babies perform alike

Answer 34

Hindi adults

Question 35

Can babies discriminate non native sounds?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

When do children lose the ability to discriminate non native phenomes?

Answer 36

After 1 year old

Question 37

What combination teaches kids language

Answer 37

Operant/ instrumental conditioning and imitation

Question 38

How do parents encourage language learning

Answer 38

Positive reinforcements

Question 39

What can a lack of early social interaction cause

Answer 39

Inability to develop language skills

Question 40

What do some people argue about children's pace of language learning

Answer 40

Children language productivity is too fast to be driven by social interaction and reinforcement

Question 41

Define overextension

Answer 41

Children apply a rule to broadly- to a meaning or syntax

Question 42

Example of an overextension

Answer 42

"Doggy" can be known as any four legged animal

Question 43

Define overregularization

Answer 43

Child makes syntactical error by applying grammatical error too broadly

Question 44

Give example of overregularization

Answer 44

Using the word tooths instead of teeth

Question 45

What is overregularization a type of

Answer 45

Overextension

Question 46

Define underextension

Answer 46

Children apply a rule to specific object only

Question 47

Give examples of underextension

Answer 47

- Doggy means only their pet dog and non others - Ducky means specific toy duck and not real one

Question 48

Define a language acquisition device

Answer 48

An inmate mechanism, present only in humans, that helps language develop rapidly according to universal rules

Question 49

Who developed the language acquisition device

Answer 49

Chomsky

Question 50

What was interesting about children born deaf?

Answer 50

They developed universal sign language without formally learning it

Question 51

True or false? Support for one theory can act as evidence against the other

Answer 51

TRUE!

Question 52

Examples of: Support for one theory can act as evidence against the other

Answer 52

- importance for social environment supports social learning theory - language errors like overextensions and overgeneralizations support innate mechanism theory

Question 53

What is the Waggle dance?

Answer 53

Consists of waggle phase where bees move forward in direction of food to locate it

Question 54

What techniques were used to teach animals human language

Answer 54

Instrumental conditioning

Question 55

Describe the experiment of Washoe the chimp

Answer 55

Taught how to communicate using ASL - he could use it for simple requests and combined for complicated requests - did not use systematic grammar

Question 56

What was the result of Washoe's experiment

Answer 56

Language was productive, arbitrary and NOT regular

Question 57

Describe the experiment of Sarah the chimp

Answer 57

Raised in a lab setting and taught to use symbols to communicate - used large vocab - did not learn to combine to form sentences

Question 58

What was the result of Sarah's experiment?

Answer 58

Language was regular, arbitrary but NOT productive

Question 59

Describe the experiment of Kanzi

Answer 59

Taught to use lexigrams to communicate - through immersion and NOT instrumental conditioning - communicated novel requests - no advanced grammar

Question 60

What was the result of Kanzi's experiment?

Answer 60

Language was arbitrary, productive but NOT regular

Question 61

At what age is optimal discrimination of sound

Answer 61

optimal discrimination occurs at ages less than 8 months

Question 62

What helps infants learn vowels and segmenting words

Answer 62

The exaggerated changes in pitch helps infants discriminate between vowel sounds, aiding in the learning of vowel sound categories.

Question 63

What is the correct order of language development?

Answer 63

makes cooing sounds, turns head toward voices, imitates sounds, babbles.