Quiz Chapter 11

Question 1

Earthquake

Answer 1

ground shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock sliding past one another

Question 2

Faults

Answer 2

rocks sliding past one another along fractures in the crust

Question 3

focus or hypocenter

Answer 3

where the rock slippage of the Earthquake originates in the ground

Question 4

Seismic waves

Answer 4

stored up energy released in all directions from the focus

Question 5

epicenter

Answer 5

point on the ground surface directly about the focus

Question 6

Causes of Earthquakes

Answer 6

Massive landslides, meteorites, and volcanic eruptions, plate movement

Question 7

elastic rebound

Answer 7

deformed rocks “snap back” to their original position in this process

Question 8

aftershocks

Answer 8

small earthquakes that follow major earthquakes

Question 9

foreshocks

Answer 9

minor earthquakes that sometimes precede a major earthquake by days, weeks, or months

Question 10

Three major types of faults

Answer 10

Normal, Reverse and thrust, and Strike-slip faults

Question 11

Normal Fault

Answer 11

associated with divergent plate boundaries

Question 12

Reverse and thrust

Answer 12

associated with convergent plate boundaries

Megathrust fault: in a subduction zone, the boundary between the subducting and overlying plate

Question 13

Strike-slip

Answer 13

large faults associated with divergent plate boundaries

Small strike-slip faults associated with divergent plate boundaries

Question 14

Types of Faults

Answer 14

Some portions exhibit slow, gradual displacement known as fault creep
Other segments regularly slip, producing small earthquakes, others remain stuck and store elastic energy

Question 15

Fault slip

Answer 15

the amount of displacement on the fault surface

Question 16

Seismology

Answer 16

study of earthquake waves

Chinese 2000 years ago

Question 17

Seismographs

Answer 17

record the movement of Earth in relation to a stationary mass on a rotating drum or magnetic tape
More than one is needed to record horizontal and vertical ground movement

Question 18

Seiesmograms

Answer 18

records seismic waves

Question 19

types of seismic waves

Answer 19

Surface waves, P waves, S waves (P and S are Body Waves)

Question 20

Surface waves

Answer 20

travels in the rock layers just below Earth’s surface
-two general directions of motion
-One causes the ground to move up and down
-second causes the ground to move side to side (Greatest destruction)
slowest waves highest amplitude
Cause greater damage than Body waves

Question 21

Body waves

Answer 21

travel through Earth’s interior

Question 22

P waves

Answer 22

Body wave 
are compression waves 
can travel through all materials
Fastest moving waves
lowest amplitude

Question 23

S waves

Answer 23

Body wave
are shear waves
Can only travel through solid material
Travel slower than P waves

Question 24

Two measurements of the size of an earthquake

Answer 24

Intensity and Magnitude

Question 25

Intensity

Answer 25

measure of degree of earthquakes shaking at give locale based on amount of damage

Question 26

Magnitude

Answer 26

An estimate of the amount of Energy released at the source of the earthquake

Question 27

Intensity scales

Answer 27

Modified Mercalli Intensity scale | may not be accurate

Question 28

Intensity can very due to

Answer 28

soil; type of rocks under the surface of certain locations

Question 29

Magnitude scales

Answer 29

Richter scale Amplitude of the largest seismic wave Moment Magnitude: total energy released during an earthquake

Question 30

Amount of destruction varies on:

Answer 30

Magnitude of the earthquake | Proximity to epicenter

Question 31

Liquefaction

Answer 31

process where loosely packed, waterlogged sediments behave as a fluid during the intense shaking of an earthquake

Question 32

seiches

Answer 32

rhythmic sloshing of water in lakes, reservoirs, and enclosed basins

Question 33

Landslides and Ground Subsidence

Answer 33

Ground shaking causes loose sediments on a slope to slump

Question 34

Fire

Answer 34

Can start when gas and electrical lines are destroyed by an earthquake Broken water lines make fire control probkematic

Question 35

Tsunami

Answer 35

series of large ocean waves generated by displacement from a megathrust fault Close to shore, the water "piles up" and can exceed 30 meters in height

Question 36

95% percent of energy released from earthquakes originates

Answer 36

along circum-Pacific belt | Most earthquakes occur along megathrust faults of convergent plate boundaries

Question 37

seismic gaps

Answer 37

tectonically quiet zones along a fault where strain is currently building up