Quiz One Flashcards
1
Q
What are the parts associated with scalars ?
A
Distance, speed, mass
2
Q
Is distance a scalar or vector quantity?
A
Scalar
3
Q
Is mass a scalar or vector quantity ?
A
Scalar
4
Q
Is acceleration a scalar or vector quantity ?
A
Vector
5
Q
The action (push or pull) upon a body causing it to deform or move is called what ?
A
Force
6
Q
What has a large effect on kinetic energy?
A
Changes in velocity
7
Q
Rate of displacement =
A
Rapid
8
Q
What type of lever is a stapler, wheelbarrow?
A
Type 2 lever
9
Q
What is performed when an object is displaced by the application of a force ?
A
Work
10
Q
The study of FORCES and their effects is the definition of what?
A
Mechanics
11
Q
Newtons second law of motion is also known as what?
A
Law of force and acceleration
12
Q
Is displacement a scalar or vector quantity ?
A
Vector
13
Q
Can work be positive or negative ?
A
Yes
14
Q
Magnitude and direction is associated with what?
A
Vectors
15
Q
What is Distance/time ?
A
Speed
16
Q
The_________ of an object is the force of gravity acting upon that object?
A
Weight
17
Q
What is the rate at which an object changes its velocity
A
Acceleration
18
Q
Displacement over time is associated with what?
A
Velocity
19
Q
Mass in motion is known as what?
A
Momentum
20
Q
What is the rate at which an object changes its position ?
A
Velocity
21
Q
Is the amount of matter that is contained by the object mass or wight?
A
Mass
22
Q
You cannot speak of vectors without discussing_______?
A
Direction
23
Q
What uses the principles of mechanics for SOLVING PROBLEMS related to structure and function of biologic and physiologic systems ?
A
Biomechanics
24
Q
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion is what law of emotion?
A
First
25
What is the most common type of lever in the human body?
Type 3
26
Newtons first law of motion is also known as?
Law of inertia
27
What type of lever is see-saw, or claw hammer?
Type 1
28
What type of lever is a fishing rod, broom, tweezers ?
Type 3
29
Magnitude only is associated with what?
Scalars
30
Newtons third law of motion is also known as?
Law of action and reaction
31
The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the next force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object is what law of motion?
Second
32
The ratio of motive force to a given resistive force is called what?
Mechanical advantage
33
What is the study of RELATIONSHIPS between the FORCE system acting on the body and the changes it produces in BODY MOTION ?
Kinetics
34
Amplitude =
Short depth
35
Force is measured in what?
Newtons
36
What kind of friction is when two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other?
Kinetic friction
37
Branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the MOTION OF OBJECTS (including (displacement, acceleration, velocity) is the definition of what?
Kinematics
38
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction is what law of motion?
Third
39
What is "how fast an object is moving"?
Speed
40
The intensity of force parallel to the surface on which it acts is called what?
Shear stress
41
How far out of place an object is and its overall change is position is know as what?
Displacement
42
What make up force?
Mass* acceleration
43
Is force a vector or scalar quantity?
Vector
44
The intensity of force perpendicular to the surface on which it acts is called what?
Normal stress
45
How much ground an object covered is know as what?
Distance
46
Kinetic friction is also know as what?
Dynamic friction
47
Is speed or velocity direction aware?
Velocity
48
What are the parts associated with vectors?
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, right, momentum, force.
49
Is momentum a vector or scalar quantity?
Vector
50
Is weight a scalar or vector quantity ?
Vector
51
Cortical bone can tolerate which kind of load better?
Longitudinal
52
It what order can cortical bone withstand greater amounts of stress?
Compression>tension> shear
53
What is it called when bone alters its size, shape, and structure, to meet the mechanical demands placed on it?
Wolff's law
54
Is cartilage vascular?
Essentially no
55
What it cartilage composed of?
Collagen, chondrocytes, and ground substance
56
Synovial lubrication normally allows cartilage to experience__________ under varied loads?
Minimal wear
57
Which cartilaginous property makes it unlike any man made material?
Near frictionless
58
Which kind of wear is caused by either adhesion or abrasion?
Interfacial wear
59
Which kind of wear is caked by either repetition of high loads over a relatively short period or repetition of low loads over an extended period ?
Fatigue
60
Does articulate cartilage have a high capacity for repair and regeneration ?
No, it is very limited
61
What will play a primary role in tissue degeneration ?
An intense stress concentration in the contact area
62
How many intervertebral discs are their?
23
63
How are the intervertebral discs named?
Based on the segment above
64
What percent of height of the vertebral column is composed of by the intervertebral discs ?
20-30%
65
What are the 3 parts of the intervertebral discs ? ***
Nucleus purposes, annulus fibrosus, cartilaginous end plates
66
Where is the greatest disc to vertebral body ratio height?
Cervical spine
67
Where is the ratio of disc to vertebral to body height ratio the least?
Thoracic spine (1:5)
68
What percent water content is the nucleus pulposus?
70-90%
69
The nucleus pulposus is what percent water at birth?
90%
70
The nucleus pulposus is what percent water at age 20?
80%
71
The nucleus pulposus is what percent water at old age?
70%
72
Disc cells make ________?
The solutes
73
Lumbar nuclei are more _______ than central
Posterior
74
Lumbar nuclei fill ______% of the total disc area
30-50%
75
The annulus fibrosus is oriented in what direction WITHIN a band?
Same
76
The annulus fibrosus is oriented in what direction in any two ADJACENT bands?
Opposite
77
What angle are fibers in the annulus fibrosus
30%
78
Annular fibers are firmly attached to what?
Cartilaginous endplates
79
Peripheral zone fibers are attached to the vertebral body via what?
Sharpeys fibers (which are stronger than other attachments)
80
The PLL _____from the cervical to the lumbars until it covers only about 50 % of the lower lumbar discs ?
NARROWS
81
The weakest area of the annulus (most likely to be injured) is what part?
Posterolateral aspect
82
What direction os the MOST likely for a disc herniation in the lumbar spine?
Posterolateral
83
What part of the cartilaginous end plate is fairly impermeable ?
Outer
84
Diffusion of the nutrients occurs where?
The central portion
85
***The cartilaginous end plate supplies what with most or all of its nutrition ?
Nucleus pulposus
86
Do blood vessels go directly to the disc?
No
87
Where do annular fibers get their blood supply ?
Adjacent soft tissues
88
The nucleus pulposus gets its blood supply from where?
Vertebral bodies
89
When a disc is injured it becomes increasingly vascularized and innnevated by what?
Sensory nerve fibers
90
An IVD is avascular and aneural ?
True
91
Overnight does the disc expand or contract ?
Expand
92
Overnight does hydrostatic pressure increase or decrease ?
Decrease
93
Overnight does osmotic pressure and fluid volume in the disc increase or decrease?
Increases
94
During the daytime in their an increase or decrease in range of motion?
Increased (lumbar flexion up to 50%***)
95
Compression of the nucleus pulposus results in tension of what?
Annular fibers
96
**flexion results in compression of_______and tension on the______?
The anterior disc, posterior disc
97
A disc that has been injured deforms______than a healthy one.
MORE
98
Hysteresis decreases when?
Successively loaded
99
When a disc is loaded more rapidly it behaves more_____? Causing the IVD to be less effective at absorbing shock? ******
Stiffly
100
The nucleus resists what kind of forces?**
Compressive
101
Annular fibers resist what kind of forces? **
Tensile
102
Traction is what kind of force ?
Tensile
103
Gravity and muscle co contraction is what kind of forces?
Compressive
104
Axial rotation of the torso, A-P, Left to right are what kind of stress?
Shear
105
The disc is more susceptible to failure in the area of the forces of_________?
Tension
106
Mechanical failure occurs first where?
Cartilaginous endplate
107
What is it called when there is mechanical failure in the cartilaginous endplate ?
Nuclear herniation (schmorl's node)
108
After mechanical failure and there is additional failure to withstand compression forces will result in?
Compression fractures
109
Compressive loads in_____are transmittted through the facets, leading to what kind of injuries?
Extension, capsular injuries
110
Compressive loads applied with torque around the long axis can lead to what?
Circumferential tears in the Annular fibers of the IVD
111
90% of the resistance to torque of a motion segment is provided by what?
IVD
112
What provides the majority of the torsional resistance ?
Annulus
113
Biomechanical behavior is dependent upon what?
The state of degeneration
114
The state of degeneration is dependent upon what?
The age of the disc
115
Which type of disc herniation is when the nucleus pulposus begins migrating toward through defects of the inner annulus, stays within the confines of the IVD?
Nuclear herniation
116
What type/stage of disc herniation is additional migration outside the confines of the IVD, but no rupture of the other most annular fibers ?
Bulge/prolapse
117
What stage/type of disc herniation is when the outer annular fibers tear and contents of the nucleus pulposus move into the epidural space?
Extrusion
118
What stage/type of disc herniation is when discal fragments break loose from the IVD and float freely in the CSF?
Sequesteration
119
What kind of exercise can help with herniated discs?
McKenzie EXTENSION exercises
120
What connects muscle to bone?
Tendon
121
What connects bone to bone
Ligament
122
Tendons and ligaments and composed of what?
Collagen and fibrocytes
123
Tendons joined to the skeletal muscle at the_________?
Musclotendinous junction
124
What are the 3 stages of healing soft tissue goes through ?
Inflammation, repair, remodeling
125
An overexertion or stress on contractile tissues is called?
Strain
126
What grade strain is when only a few fibers are torn and only minor weakness and loss of function, slightly painful, no palpable defect, and decreased range of motion.
Grade one
127
In a grade two strain how much of the muscle/tendon is torn?
1/4-1/2
128
Which grade strain has moderate to major weakness and loss of function, painful to contract, no palpable defect, decreased range of motion.
Grade 2
129
What grade strain is when all fibers are torn, major weakness and loss of function, minor or no pain, may have palpable Defect of caught early, possible increased range of motion?
Grade 3
130
Which type of sprain of a ligament or capsule is unstable ?
3
131
What two things can produce mechanical deformation ?
Trauma and nerve entrapment
132
What are 2 common modes of nerve injury?
Stretching and compression
133
What is maximal elongation at the elastic limit?
20%
134
In regards to tensile injuries of nerves at what percent does complete structural failure seem to occur?
25-30%
135
Tensile injuries are most often a result of what?
Accidents
136
At what mm Hg of local compression are functional changes seen?
30
137
At what mm Hg of compression is complete cessesation of interneural blood blood and complete ischemia seen?
80
138
After 2+ hours of compression can blow flow still be restored?
Yes
139
What is the considered the loose pack position in joint capsules ?
When the capsule is resting and has its most slack
140
What is the close pack position of joint capsules?
Joint surfaces are in the closest approximation and capsule and ligaments are maximally stressed
141
Any joint with a capsule has a______?
Capsule pattern
142
What is it called when a joint becomes excessively restricted due to adhesions in the capsule?
Adhesive capsulitis
143
What are causes of non capsular patterns?
Joint mice, impingement, plica.
