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Quizlet Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two key tasks of an investigation?

A

1.Gathering and preserving evidence.
2. Accurately record and document

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2
Q

The initial Police responders must assess the situation quickly yet carefully and decide what the most important things to do are and what order they should be done. Their primary functions are?

A

Attending the scene at an early stage.
Take control of the situation
Co-ordinating tasks

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3
Q

What are some incidents that may not be initially identifiable as homicide?

A

Hit and run 1V
Missing person
Suicide,
fatal fire,
drug-related deaths.
Sudden death of an infant

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4
Q

What is the police’s purpose when attending the scene of any death?

A

To investigate thoroughly and gather sufficient evidence to satisfactorily explain the circumstances of the death.

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5
Q

What is the first priority when conducting a risk assessment at the scene of a serious incident?

A

The safety of the attending police members.

Then victim:
Alive and uninjured
Alive and injured
Shows no signs of life

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6
Q

What are the points in the general investigation model that should be applied in all cases?

A

V - Victim - Identify and locate victims
A - Appreciation - Make an initial appreciation of the incident. Assess personal risk and then preserve the lives of others.
W - Witnesses - locate and contain witnesses
S - Scene - preserve the scene and set boundaries
E - Exhibits - note evidence and preserve any that would otherwise be lost or destroyed
E - Elements - Have the elements been established
P - Powers - ID powers that exist and consider whether to execute
O - Offender - ID and apprehend suspects

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7
Q

Appreciation definition

A

A proven method of problem solving.

A series of set steps to ensure the optimum course of action is decided upon.

Considers all appropriate factors and weighs the benefits and risks of alternative solutions, allowing sound decision to be taken.

It is an ongoing process.

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8
Q

What are the benefits of applying the appreciation technique?

A
  1. Informs all police of what they are expected to achieve.
  2. Increases the chances of success of the investigations and objectives
  3. Establishes a clear course of action.
  4. Manages risk
  5. Elminates duplication
  6. Reduces uncertainty
  7. Ensures nothing is overlooked
  8. Efficient use of resources
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9
Q

Appreciation technique

A

AFCO
A - a short one-line statement with a clear and accurate objective
F - any circumstance or fact that could affect how you achieve your objective
C - all possible ways the aim could be achieved - advantages and disadvantages and risks of each alternative
O - a clear and concise plan to achieve your aim. Must be the logical outcome of the appreciation.

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10
Q

Initial police arrive at a stabbing victim. It is anticipated that they will die, so you decide to take a statement. How can police satisfy that the statement is admissable?

A
  1. The nature and content of the statement.
  2. Circumstances relating to the making of the statement.
  3. Circumstances relating to the veracity of the person making the statement.
  4. Circumstances relating to the accuracy of the observations of the person making the statement.
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11
Q

Explain the common approach path?

A

Avoids any route possibly taken by the suspect or victim. Avoids damaging or losing potential evidence. Consider stepping plates if no alternative path can be used.

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12
Q

What is the first thing to consider when undertaking a course of action at a serious crime scene?

A

What risks may exist.

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13
Q

What action should police
take when the body is disturbed
at the scene?

A

It is not uncommon for movement of the body
to have occurred during the initial stages of
the police and other emergency services response.
* Establish what has been moved
* Do not touch anything
* Do not attempt to restore the scene to its
original condition
* Make enquiries to enable original scene to be
reconstructed and photographed (if required\

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14
Q

What action must police
staff at the scene of a serious crime take if the media location
are present?

A
  • Locate media
  • Advise OC investigation that media are
  • Keep media away from the crime scene
  • Do not make any comment to the media
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15
Q

You are the first at the
scene of a homicide and
you are advised that the
suspect is still present.
What should be your first
priority in relation to the
suspect? (Name 4 steps)

A
  1. Separate suspects from other persons at the scene
  2. Consider the condition of the suspect, whether they are injured or under the influence of drugs or alcohol, or suffer from a medical or mental impairment or other such condition
  3. Ask them to remain at the scene and to cooperate with police. ASAP remove suspect from the scene
  4. If suspect refuses to cooperate consider whether grounds exist to arrest and the most appropriate offence
  5. To prevent cross contamination issues, consider using officers who have not entered the scene to manage the suspect
  6. Caution the suspect if required
  7. Consider searching the suspect and the suspect’s vehicle and belongings
  8. Consider searching the vicinity of the suspect and the area or route they are thought to have taken
  9. Note the suspect’s appearance and behaviour
  10. Record everything the suspect says and consider a preliminary interview if appropriate
  11. Brief the OC investigation on their arrival, highlighting any significant risks surrounding cross contamination or movement within or near the scene.
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16
Q

Police who arrive at a serious crime scene should identify, preserve and record the scene. What actions should Police
take to preserve the scene upon initial arrival?

A

Identify/ Secure/ Preserve/ Consider

  1. Identify:
    * Gather info and conduct initial assessment
    * Consider warrantless powers
    * Establish wide boundaries
    * Consider Common Approach Path
    * Establish SFP and scene HQ
    * Provide a SITREP to Comms
  2. Secure:
    * Exercise powers if necessary to secure scene
    * Remove all persons from scene
    * Establish cordons
    * Arrange and brief scene guards
    * Arrange Crime Scene Logs
    * Prevent unauthorised entry/exit
  3. Preserve:
    * Preserve and ensure nothing is touched or moved - consider weather, animals, other fac­tors
    * Consider best path, common approach path and stepping plates
  4. Consider:
    * Crime scene log of movements to maintain integrity of the scene
    * Observe and record notes of precise details of the scene
    * Complete a sketch of the scene
    * Photographs and consider video recording
    * Identify anything which is moved, noting orig­inal position

Make an accurate record of these facts and report them to the OC Investigation at an early stage.

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17
Q

OC Body - Describe who should be appointed as OC body at a serious crime scene?

A

An experienced investigator with awareness of
forensic issues. Where this is not possible, the OC Body may require additional support.

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18
Q

What information should
you give to the person who is identifying the body?

A

Ensure they are fully informed of the Formal ID Process and what is required of them.

Explain what they should expect to see when they view the deceased.

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19
Q

Scene Guard -What to brief the scene guard. What are the duties of a scene guard?

A

Secure Scene
Record details
Control and Record movements
Protect Scene
Brief replacement
Inform others

Secure Scene
Deny any person access to the scene, unless they are expressly authorised to enter by the Officer in Charge of the Investigation or the Crime Scene Coordinator/QC Scene.

Record details
Name and designation
Time of entry and time of exit Purpose of the visit
Authority to enter the scene

Control and Record movements
Common Approach Path to be followed.
Record all movement and vehicle details to, from, and near the scene, in the crime scene log.

Protect Scene
Be vigilant for activity such as the presence of any animals which may feed on body tissue.

Remain on duty until relieved by the incoming scene guard.
Brief replacement
brief the oncoming Scene Guard on all the relevant matters and hand on the crime scene log.
Inform others
Report any action taken to the OC Scene and OC Investigation.

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20
Q

Describe four methods for identifying the body when a body is decomposed?

A
  • Personal effects
  • Dental records
  • Amputations
  • Tattoos
  • Eye examination records
    ·DNA
  • Medical examination records
  • Fingerprints
  • Facial reconstruction
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21
Q

When should the OC Body strip the body of clothing?

A

Under direction of QC Investigation but before
the post mortem examination. After a visual examination and collection of evidence from the clothed
body has been completed.

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22
Q

*What are the OC Body’s re­sponsibilities relating to ex­hibits from post-mortem?

A

The OC Body is responsible for
recording,
packaging,
sealing,
labelling and
securing all physical exhibits relating to the body, including samples taken during the post-mortem.

  • All exhibits must be packaged and sealed before leaving the mortuary and recorded in an Exhibit
    Schedule.
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23
Q

At the conclusion of the post mortem, the OC Body must hand exhibits to the O/C Exhibits - list
three things they should/must do?

A
  • Take possession of all exhibits, including sam­ples and specialist kits.
  • Wet/damp exhibits remain unsealed and dried in Police drying room. Once dry, they can be re-packaged and sealed.
  • keep accurate records
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24
Q

What must the Sudden Death file include?

A
  • POL 47 - Report for Coroner
  • POL265A - Statement of Identification
  • COR 31 - Verification of Death form
  • Officer FWS and Photographs
  • Witness statements (last person, person who found and NOK/friend for background info)
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25
Under what circumstances may the OC body make any notes of discussions con­cerning the post mortem examination?
Must not make any notes of discussions at the post-mortem, unless directed to by OC Investigation or the pathologist.
26
How does the Pathologist findings assist in case?
Will assist investigation, such as operation briefings, interviews of witnesses and suspects and additional lines of enquiry.
27
What are the three key ele­ments of a homicide
* Victim * Suspect * Location
28
In a homicide who takes VIS and how old can it be?
Homicide trained Victim Support Volunteers and employees are trained to take VIS from family members. No older than 28 days prior to Sentencing
29
Describe the role of the OC body during a post mortem examination.
* Observe, document and deal with exhibits in relation to the body in a methodical manner. * Consider each piece of information carefully to identify its significance for the investigation.
30
FLO- Family Liaison Officer
The primary function of an FLO is that of an investigator and not a support person. The FLO must offer, facilitate and co-ordinate support when needed by the family. The FLO should identify cultural origins of victims and families.­
31
ILO - Iwi Liaison Officer
Enhance relations between the family and investigators by providing an understanding and awareness of Maori culture, protocol and beliefs
32
Responsibilities of the OC Body? (general)
Complete sudden death procedures * Ensure death has been certified (COR31) * Establish if body has been moved or disturbed * Note and record observations relating to the body * Photograph body at the scene and at post mortem * Note details of medical staff or others who have attended to the victim * Record, label and secure all samples and exhibits related to the body
33
What are the three categories of a victim's medical status?
* Alive and uninjured, * Alive but injured, * Shows no signs of life * A fundamental responsibility of all police staff is to preserve life. Police must never assume a person is dead unless no other conclusion is possible.
34
*The OC Body must hand all exhibits to the OC Ex­hibits, in order to maintain an unbroken chain of ex­hibit continuity and securi­ty. They should also provide the OC Exhibits with:
Post-mortem Exhibit Schedule OC Body notebook entries OC Body statement Samples delivered to ESR asap OC Body does Sudden Death file Inform family location tissue samples taken
35
Photographs of the body are taken at the mortuary. Describe the instructions to be given to the photographer
* Photograph body before it is stripped * Photograph body after it is stripped * Close ups of any wounds, marks, injuries and unusual features * Must use a measuring scale
36
Describe who the term 'family' relates to?
* Partners· Parents· Siblings * Children * Guardians * Any others who have had a direct and close relationship with the victim * Should reflect the victim's culture and lifestyle
37
Area Canvas - What are the purposes of a methodically conducted area canvass?
Often there are links between the scene and the offender, victim and witnesses. A methodically conducted area canvass there­fore has a high likelihood of identifying or con­tacting the offender, an associate, witnesses, evidence and establishing significant facts
38
Why is it important in some cases to conduct an area canvass at the same time as the offence occurred?
To ID people who often use that area at the same time of the day. Provides a snapshot of the community at the time and place when the offence occurred.
39
*Area canvass - what approaches can be made?
. Door to door enquiries MEDIA * Poster * Mail drop * High profile police presence - using a police caravan
40
How can OC Area Canvass keep morale of staff up?
* Regular feedback how canvas is contributing to investigation * Included in briefings * Logistics for toileting, meals and refreshments * Monitor welfare, morale, enthusiasm and efficiency
41
*What details should the O/C Area Canvas record in a detailed master record?
* Which addresses visited * Which occupants interviewed * Documentation completed * Any relevant comments made
42
*OC Area Canvas to submit a Final Report, what mat­ters should it contain?
· Summary of all action taken · Significant findings · Any action undertaken outside original phase strategy
43
What should you brief staff during canvass?
Evidence of possible probative value is to be obtained by way of FWS and this must be endorsed on the questionnaire.
44
How does Criminal Profil­ing Unit or Criminal or Geo­graphic Profilers assist the OC area canvass?
* Setting parameters or identifying locations where suspects are likely to frequent or to re­side * Parameters may be set with natural bound­aries such as railway lines or roads.
45
Witness Management - Po­lice who have had first con­tact with the informant to a serious offence
* Should be debriefed and a full record made of their account * Important if the informant is later identified as a suspect * Consider interviewing such officers as inves­tigatively important witnesses
46
State the types of informa­tion that could be obtained by an early preliminary wit­ness interview?
* Early ID and arrest of suspect * Evidence and info relevant to the offence * Preventing CADD of evidence PREVENT FURTHER OFFENDING
47
*When a witness is at court, what material may a wit­ness use to refresh their memory prior to giving ev­idence?
Read any previously signed statements or in­terview transcripts.
48
Witness control - Ensure witness does not:
* Have any contact or communication with jury * Discuss the case in public areas * Discuss the case with witnesses waiting to give evidence
49
*What responsibilities does the OC suspect have when an alibi is put forward by an offender?
Determine the veracity of the alibi and fully report the results to the Crown Solicitor, via the 2IC.
50
What information should be gained from a complainant/ informant?
* Id and location of suspect * Id of victim * Id of others at scene * Full contact details * Relationship to witnesses or suspect * Demeanour * Details of action taken and where they have been * A first-hand account of what they know about incident * Precise details of the scene location
51
*During the course of some trials, witness intimidation may occur. What can the OC do?
- Inform OC Investigation if a witness express­es concern for their personal safety or have been subject to threats or intimidation and want Police protection or assistance - Maintain regular contact with witnesses
52
*Witnesses at a scene/pri­or to witness interview
FoG CoFF DoB Plan and prepared recovery of physical evi­dence from the witness including: * Footwear * Glass Fragments * Clothes * Fibres * Fingerprints ·DNA * Body fluids
53
Two reasons why it is important to do a risk assessment relating to a witness of a serious offence?
Establish if witness at risk of intimidation or physical harm. Intimidation may result in a witness not providing information, from fear if going to court, to life being at serious risk
54
During the course of some trials witness intimidation may occur. What can the OC investigation do to mitigate this?
- Arrange evidence to be given in an alternative way - If serious threat to life, should be dealt with by the National Witness Protection Programme - Witness may be entitled to anonymity, obtained by way of application or order from the Judge
55
When appointing an officer to interview a witness to a serious offence, what four main issues should be considered regarding the potential interview?
- the availability of the witness - whether the witness requires special consideration - whether the witness requires special assistance - best approach to take with the witness
56
OC Suspects - what four matters should the OC Suspect encompass in the briefing?
1. Circumstances of the offence including the scene and witness evidence 2. Full details of suspect and any POI 3. Description of the suspect provided by the witness 4. MO or crime signature
57
When a Crown solicitor directs Police to interview alibi witnesses, what action can Police take?
- Make enquiries to determine the veracity of the alibi, including NIA checks as directed by the Crown Solicitor. - Forward results to the Crown Solicitor, including any statements obtained
58
When investigating any alibi offered, the OC Suspects must:
- Establish where the suspect was, who they were with and what they were doing at the time of the offence. - Complete enquiries with people other than the alibi supplied - Corroboration of the alibi should be sought from other sources independent of the suspect. Police are not obliged to provide disclosure regarding alibi enquiries. R v Shaqlane and R v Hitchens
59
In a serious crime a doctor may examine a suspect. What can the doctor do?
- Note any wounds, marks, injuries and take photographs - Provide a professional opinion regarding the condition of the suspect - Record any explanations made by the suspect - Take samples using an MEK including: Fingernail scrapings Saliva Head hair Pubic and body hair Blood Swabs of hands and other relevant area Swab for firearm residue Where a suspect refuses and reasonable belief evidence obtainable, reasonable force may be used
60
The OC Suspects must investigate all suspects thoroughly in order of priority as decided in consultation with the O/C investigation. What particular aspects may influence the setting of priorities?
- The relative weight of evidence - The likelihood of suspect leaving the area - The urgency in solving the case - The availability of staff Where no firm lines of enquiry, priority given to anonymous info
61
OC Suspects must regularly debrief their team members on:
Results of enquiries to maintain flow of information: - at conferences - between members of suspects team and investigation staff Important information must be reported to OC Investigation
62
4 ways of avoiding cross contamination between multiple suspects
1. Separate officers for each suspect 2. Transported in different vehicles 3. Kept in separate cells 4. Clothing packaged, sealed and labelled
63
When interviewing a suspect, the OC must ensure the interviewer? (Asks how Police ask in interview about exhibits)
- Interview is conducted in accordance with Suspect Investigative Interviewing Guide - Monitored by experienced Detective to ensure all key points are covered - An explanation is sought from the suspect for any exhibits found
64
Disclosure - What are the initial actions of the disclosure manager?
- Read disclosure managers desk file - Access the current Serious Crime Template - Report to 2IC for briefing, taskings, esablishing what information is and is not discoverable, and ongoing supervision.
65
Explain the process relating to consultation with the Crown regarding witness considerations
File manager and 2IC must have an early consultation with Crown to manage witnesses in need of special consideration and who may need to give evidence in alternative ways
66
How should defence counsel communication be conducted?
Through 2IC or Crown
67
What information should the disclosure manager provide to the crown solicitor?
- An identical copy of all material disclosed to defence counsel - An unedited copy of the material
68
s10(4) Disclosure Act obligation
Disclosure may be supplied in whatever form, including electronically, that the person disclosing the information holds it in at the time of the request, provided this will be readily accessible to the defendant.
69
Disclosure manager - Key responsibilties
* Discoverable material provided to defence counsel * Non-discoverable material identified and defence advised but not disclosed * Lawful justification must exist to withhold documents * Retain all correspondence with defence counsel * Record all disclosure packages in NIA
70
OC Exhibits -Appointment
Serious crime investigations should have an OC exhibits who has previous experience in: * Mass exhibit handling * Managing cross-contamination issues * Forensic awareness * Procedures for packaging, sealing etc * Use of the Serious Crime Template
71
What are the standard op­erating procedures for OC Exhibits?
The OC Exhibits is responsible for establishing required standards for the: Recovery Handling Packaging Labelling Storage Preparing and presenting exhibits at court Disposing exhibits The OC Exhibits must communicate required standards to all investigation team members, usually at investigation conferences.
72
What specific matters re­garding each exhibit must the OC Exhibit determine?
An appreciation and interrogation of every ex­hibit to establish: * Evidential value * Investigative opportunities * Further enquiries
73
Describe four of the re­sponsibilities of the OC ex­hibits in a serious crime in­vestigation?
* Establishing and maintaining exhibit manage­ment systems * Maintaining physical security and continuity of all exhibits
74
Why is it important to de­velop a forensic strategy for the examination of ex­hibits?
Allows OC Exhibits to prioritise tasks with the direction of the investigation
75
What action should the OC Exhibits take when an ex­hibit requires further en­quiries?
Highlight to 21C so follow-up enquiries can be initiated
76
Describe the chain of custody and its purpose? (Also asks what details recorded when transfer of exhibits: - record description - who is handing it over - reason for handing it over etc
Every person who has had custody of an ex­hibit, from the time it was first discovered until the time it is produced in Court. It is used to demonstrate the integrity and admissibility of exhibits. Achieved by recording physical location in IMT or PROP
77
The exhibits register may take the form of an electron­ic document which forms the master record of every exhibit obtained during an investigation. What action can be taken to preserve the integrity of the exhibits register?
Secured so only OC Exhibits and OC investi­gation can make changes. Other investigators may view the register but not make changes
78
As OC exhibits attend all Forensic Strategy meetings and investigative briefings, they should:
Maintaining liaison between; OC Investigation, 2IC, OC Scene/Crime Scene Co-ordinator, ESR and other specialists for matters relating to exhibits
79
OC Exhibits must update the OC Investigation and 2IC with relevant informa­tion relating to:
* Exhibits found * Exhibit examination results * Whether further enquiries are required * OC Exhibits must update Exhibit Register with results of examinations
80
Describe the topics to be covered during a forensic strategy meeting?
* What examinations ESR and others could conduct on exhibits * The priority each examination should receive * Whether any work needed to assist a recon­struction
81
In relation to scene wit­nesses that are proximate to an event, explain what is meant by evidence trans­fer?
Trace evidence can be transferred from one item to another. If evidence transfer occurred via a third party during the investigation, this suggests cross-contamination. Trace evidence can be important when it is found on a significant exhibit.
82
To protect the integrity of exhibits and limit the num­ber involved in the chain of custody, it is preferable that as few people as possible handle exhibits. While an exhibit was under their control, each person with custody of the exhib­it must be able to demon­strate:
Maintaining the chain of evidence involves recording and being able to detail: * When, why and who they received custody the exhibit from * Where exhibit stored * When, why and how exhibit moved locations * How exhibit handled, guarded and preserved
83
Samples at the scene taken from the body
Firearm residue Items of clothing worn by the victim Larvae and insects Loose hairs DNA swabs Glass/paints Fingerprint evidence on victim
84
Reconnaissance - Survey
The OC investigation, Area canvas and Suspects should attend the scene at an early stage to conduct a recon and appreciation to - - set parameters - decide objectives of the canvas - canvas phase: set at same time of the incident
85
3 steps to the suspects team
- Identifying and profiling - Arrest and determination - Interviewing
86
What exhibits swabs can you take at the scene prior to the body being moved?
Firearm residue DNA swabs Larvae and insects
87
When appointing an officer to interview a witness to a serious offence, what are the main issues should be considered regarding the potential interview officer
- level of training - experience interviewing witnesses in major investigations - suitability of the officer to do interview - other skills that may be advantageous
88
Reconnaissance - Area canvas
Conducting an appreciation and setting the parameters and objectives of the canvas
89
Setting up investigation headquarters
File manager Location Office support staff Transport Equipment Communications IT requirements
90
Exhibit ranges
Admin 10,000 Victim 15,000 Witness 20,00 Area Canvas 25,000 Scene 30,000 Suspect 70,000 Disclosure 50,000
91
Types of conferences
Initial Regular Debriefing Phase team - only for OC Phase and staff
92
When examining the lifestyle of a victim, sources of information frequently fall into one of two categories?
People and passive data

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