R&A questions Flashcards

Question

. In Winer JN, et al. Dental pathology of the hoary marmot (marmota caligata), groundhog (marmota monax) and Alaska Marmot (marmota broweri). J Comp Path 2017;156:12-52, which of the following is TRUE? * Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: malocclusion, attrition/abrasion, tooth fractures, periodontitis, periapical disease, missing teeth. * Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: fractured teeth, attrition/abrasion, malocclusion, periodontitis, periapical disease. * Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: attrition/abrasion, periodontitis, malocclusion, tooth fractures, periapical disease, missing teeth. * Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: missing teeth, malocclusion, attrition/abrasion, periodontitis, periapical disease

Answer 1

. In Winer JN, et al. Dental pathology of the hoary marmot (marmota caligata), groundhog (marmota monax) and Alaska Marmot (marmota broweri). J Comp Path 2017;156:12-52, which of the following is TRUE? * Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: malocclusion, attrition/abrasion, tooth fractures, periodontitis, periapical disease, missing teeth. * Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: fractured teeth, attrition/abrasion, malocclusion, periodontitis, periapical disease. * **Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: attrition/abrasion, periodontitis, malocclusion, tooth fractures, periapical disease, missing teeth.** Pathology in order of frequency found in specimens was: missing teeth, malocclusion, attrition/abrasion, periodontitis, periapical disease

Answer 2

In Pavlica Z, et al. Periodontal disease burden and pathological changes in organs of dogs. J Vet Dent 2008;25(2):97-105, a statistically significant correlation was found between periodontal disease burden and: * Changes in the carotid artery * **Changes in the left atrio-ventricular valve** * Changes in the coronary arteries * Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Physiologically, from easiest to hardest, the types of tooth movement are: * Tipping, radicular, rotation, extrusion, intrusion, translation. * Extrusion, intrusion, tipping, translation, rotation, radicular, * Tipping, translation, extrusion, rotation, intrusion, radicular. **Extrusion, tipping, radicular, rotation, translation, intrusion**

Answer 4

In Menzies RA, et al. Assessment of apical periodontitis in dogs and humans: a review. J Vet Dent 2014; 31(1):8-21, the minimum amount of mineralized bone loss required in order for focal bone resorption to be detected radiographically in humans in a clinical setting is estimated to be: * **7%** * 32% * 48% * 12%

Answer 5

In Skinner A, et al. Semilunar coronally advanced periodontal flap to increase soft tissue coverage of a maxillary fourth premolar in a dog. J Vet Dent 2017;34(2):100-105, which of the following does the author list as a benefit of this technique over traditional periodontal advancement flaps? * There is no need to restrict the patient to a soft food diet or restrict access to toys post-surgically. * This technique does not require tension releasing incisions * Clients can resume brushing the treated tooth immediately after the procedure * **This technique does not require placement of any sutures**

Answer 6

In Dupont G. Crown amputation with intentional root retention for advanced feline resorptive lesions-a clinical study, J Vet Dent 1995; 12(1):9-13, which of the following statements is TRUE? * Teeth treated with crown amputation showed less evidence of gingivitis than teeth completely extracted. * On follow up radiographs of roots of 23 teeth, 5 months to 3 years post-surgery, all roots in teeth treated with crown amputation were resorbed and small remnants of supra-alveolar crown or root structure present after crown amputation were also resorbed. * **On follow up radiographs of roots of 23 teeth, 5 months to 3 years post-surgery, teeth treated with crown amputation showed no bony defect, while teeth treated with complete extraction showed a persistent bony defect.** * On follow up, all cats remained asymptomatic.

Answer 7

In Peralta S et al. Morphological evaluation of clefts of the lip, palate, or both in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78(8):926-933, which of the following classification systems was NOT used to classify clefts? * LAHSHAL classification * CL, CP, or CLP Classification * **Cleft and craniofacial ICD-10 coding system** * Annotations for abnormalities of the vomer or maxillofacial sutures lines

Answer 8

According to Davis EM. Gene sequence analyses of the healthy oral microbiome in humans and companion animals, J Vet Dent 2016; 33(2):97-107, which of the following is TRUE? * Recent evidence has demonstrated that in many macroscopic hosts, maternal transfer of symbiotic micororganisms occurs during birth. * A study conducted by Eloe-Fradosh et al, identified at least four species of microorganisms recovered from periodontal pockets that cause periodontitis, rather than flourish because of periodontitis. * **The critereon for identifying a separate species by genetic sequencing requires that the new sequence differs from a reference sequence by 1.5% to 3.0%, depending on the researcher.** * Certain symbiotic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas salivarius, suppress epithelial cell secretion of inflammatory cytokines, thereby inhibiting the cascade of signaling pathways necessary for inflammation, resulting in tolerance and preservation of host-microbiome homeostasis.

Answer 9

In Chinkangsadarn T, et al. An abbatoir survey of equine dental abnormalities in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2015; 93(6):189-194, which of the following associations between dental abnormalities and specific teeth is FALSE? * Periodontal pockets were found most often in the interdental space between the fourth premolar tooth and the first molar tooth. * Hooks and ramps were most likely to be found on the rostral or caudal tooth of the cheek teeth arcades. * Diastema were most often found between the right maxillary third and second incisor teeth. * **The most common position of stepped teeth was at the maxillary fourth premolar teeth.**

Answer 10

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sedation for the horse? * Butorphanol and morphine are opioids that can be administered in conjunction with a sedative. Methadone is not an effective opioid for sedation in the horse. * Yohimbine is a strong alpha-2 antagonist while romifidine is a weak, but effective antagonist, and both can be used to reverse alpha-2 agonists to speed recovery of the horse. * General anesthesia is usually required for long dental procedures in the horse. * **The duration of xylazine is short when compared to the duration of sedation imparted by detomidine, or medetomidine.**

Answer 11

The red line on this radiograph of a cat right maxillary canine tooth is the : * Zygomatic arch. * Nasal surface of the alveolar process of the maxilla. * **Conchal crest.** * Lamina dura.

Answer 12

. In Arnbjerg J. Idopathic dental root replacement resorption in old dogs. J Vet Dent 1996;13(3):97-99, the author concludes that the finding of resorption in the roots of the teeth examined was of no clinical significance and similar to the condition known as idiopathic dental root replacement resorption in the human literature for the following reasons EXCEPT which of the following? * **Most of the affected teeth showed signs of abrasion or wear.** * There was no hypercementosis present in the teeth examined. * There was no lytic reaction in the alveolar bone associated with these teeth. * The root length was normal in contrast to the shorter root length found in resorption following viral infection. ![]()

Answer 13

In Bonner SE, et al. Orofacial manifestations of high-rise syndrome in cats: a retrospective study of 84 cases,. J Vet Dent 2011;29(1):10-18, which of the following was NOT found in cats with high-rise trauma? * Fracture of the mandible. * Tongue injury. * Separation of the mandibular symphysis. * **Tooth abrasion.**

Answer 14

Which of the following radiographic findings is NOT present on this transverse CT section at the level of the upper 06s of a 2-year-old quarterhorse? * Iodated contrast agent in the dorsal nasal passage. * The remnant of 506. * **A cyst-like swelling overlying 106 indicating chronic infection of the erupting tooth.** * Subcutaneous soft tissue swelling.

Answer 15

According to Matthews NS, et al. Factors associated with anesthetic-related death in dogs and cats in primary care veterinary hospitals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250(6):655-665, which of the following is FALSE? * **Fractious cats correlated with lack of pre-operative physical exam and had an increased risk of anesthesia related death.** * Overweight body condition in dogs did not increase the risk of anesthesia-related death, but dogs with underweight body condition had a 8 times greater risk of death. * Failure to document SPO2 readings during anesthesia was associated with an increase in odds of anesthetic-related death in cats. Dogs and cats that underwent sedation anesthesia (no inhalant anesthetic) were more likely than dogs and cats under general anesthesia (inhalant anesthetic with or without intubation) to have anesthetic-related deaths

Answer 16

Which of the following is NOT one of GV Black's steps of cavity preparation? * Convenience form. * Pathology removal form. * **Margin form.** * Outline form.

Answer 17

According to the article, Alessio TL, et al. Transient unilateral vision loss in a dog following inadvertent intravitreal injection of bupivacaine during a dental procedure. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(9):990-3, which nerve block was accidentally given into the eye? * **Caudal maxillary nerve block using an extraoral approach.** * Palatal nerve block using an intraoral approach. * Caudal maxillary nerve block using an intraoral approach. * Lingual nerve block using an intraoral approach.

Answer 18

The diameter of this file 16 mm from the tip is: * **0.82 mm** * 0.73 mm * 0.50 mm * 0.56 mm

Answer 19

In Goodman AE, et al. Common carotid artery ligation to minimize blood loss during oral and maxillofacial surgery, J Vet Dent 2016; 33(3):195-200, which of the following is TRUE? * **The common carotid artery is more easily located and isolated than the external carotid artery in the ventral neck of the canine and feline patient.** * The internal jugular vein is larger than the common carotid and loosely bound to the esophagus dorsomedially by the deep cervical fascia. * Ligation of the common carotid artery can be safely performed in dogs and cats due to the extensive collateral blood supply from the vertebral artery. * The paired sternohyoideus muscles are located superficial to the paired sternocephalicus muscles. Both must be bluntly dissected to approach the common carotid artery.

Answer 20

In Herring ES et al. Lymph node staging of oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats, J Vet Dent 2002; 19(3):122-126, which of the following is FALSE? * Of the palpably enlarged mandibular lymph nodes, 17.0% had metastatic disease histologically. * Post-operative cytologic evaluation of fine needle aspirates of regional lymph nodes concurred with the histologic results in 80.6% of lymph nodes examined. * Preoperative cytologic evaluation of the mandibular lymph node based on fine needle aspiration concurred with the histologic results in 90.5% of lymph nodes examined. * **Most (85.5%) of cases with metastatic disease to regional lymph nodes had metastasis to the mandibular lymph node.**

Answer 21

In Fulton AJ, et al. Outcome of surgical endodontic treatment in dogs: 15 cases (1995-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241 (12):1633-1638, which of the following is TRUE? * In this study,mineral trioxide aggregate was the most successful root end filling material, followed by glass ionomer restorative, and ethoxybenzoic acid cement. The least successful root end filling material was amalgam. * In cases of unsuccessful root canal treatment where the restoration is intact and the original obturation of the apical third of the root canal appears good, orthograde re-treatment should be attempted rather than apicoectomy. * **In this study, all dogs had a successful clinical outcome.** * Dogs that did not present for follow up at 6 and 12 months were excluded from the study

Answer 22

. In Hale F. Localized intrinsic staining of teeth due to pulpitis and pulp necrosis in dogs. J Vet Dent 2001; 18(1):14-20, 92.2% of discolored teeth had gross signs of partial or total pulp necrosis. What percentage of these those evaluated teeth had intraoral radiographic signs of endodontic disease? * **57.1%** * 32.4% * 42.9% * 12.6%

Answer 23

The artery that supports the mucosal flap shown in this palatal defect repair technique is the: * Superior labial artery. * **Angularis oris artery.** * Buccinator artery. * Levator labii maxillaris artery.

Answer 24

Which of the following radiographic findings is NOT present on the radiograph shown here? * Invagination of the enamel, dentin and pulp into the mesial aspect of the crown of the tooth consistent with dens invaginatus. * Periapical radiolucency consistent with a cyst or granuloma. * **Fused roots.** * Periapical radiolucency consistent with endodontic disease.

Answer 25

According to Schweda MC et al. The role of computed tomography in the assessment of dental disease in 66 guinea pigs, Vet Rec 2014; 175(21):538, which of the following is FALSE? * **Ptyalism (n=48) was the most common presenting complaint.** * 92% of patients with palpable lower jaw swelling showed corresponding dental pathologies on CT. * 80% of guinea pigs with exophthalmos showed ipsilateral periapical disease of the maxillary cheek teeth on CT. * Pathological changes to the incisors were not associated with exophthalmos.

Answer 26

According to Zimmerman C, et al. Evaluation of the natural crown convergence angle of dog carnassial teeth. J Vet Dent 2015; 32(4) 222-225, which of the following is TRUE? * Dental morphology is the third most genetically variable characteristic of the dog skull, and convergence angle varies widely between skull type. * In dogs, clinical retention rates are not positively correlated with higher convergence angle for full veneer metal crowns * The mean 08 and 09 convergence angles determined by this study were approximately 32 and 26 degrees respectively. * **Restorations cemented onto preparations with 3 times the ideal convergence angle utilizing resin-based cement require significantly more force to dislodge compared to restorations cemented onto preparations with ideal resistance and retention utilizing zinc phosphate cement.**

Answer 27

According to the du Toit, et al. pulp horn numbering system, the horn indicated by the "?" is which number? * 2 * 1 * 4 * **5**

Answer 28

Which of the following is NOT a treatment for periapical abscesses in rabbits? * Surgical debridement * **Introduction of antibiotic-impregnated poly methyl methanesulfonate beads** * Marsupialization * Calcium hydroxide packing

Answer 29

The morphologic zones of mature pulp, in order from pulp to dentin, are : * Pulp, cell poor zone, cell rich zone, odontoblast layer, predentin, dentin. * Pulp, odontoblast layer, cell poor zone, cell rich zone, predentin, dentin. * **Pulp, cell rich zone, cell poor zone, odontoblast layer, predentin, dentin.** * Pulp, odontoblast layer, cell rich zone,cell poor zone, predentin, dentin.

Answer 30

Regarding the mechanical properties of materials, which of the following is FALSE? * Ductililty is the relative ability of a material to deform plastically under a tensile stress before it fractures. * **Elastic modulus is the amount of energy absorbed within a unit volume of a structure when it is stressed to it's proportional limit.** * Stress is the force per unit area acting on a given plane of a material * Strain is the change in length per unit initial length

Answer 31

Which of the following is TRUE regarding resin cements? * An advantage of resin cements over most other cements is that they are minimally irritating to pulp and can be used in areas where dentin thickness is \<0.5 mm without pulp protection. * Dual-cure cements are the preferred resin cement for light-transmitting prosthesis thicker than 2.5 mm. * Most resin cements, except the 4-META containing cements, are able to bond directly to dentin and enamel. * **Except for resin cement used for cementing porcelain veneers, the majority of resin cements today are dual-cured, rather than light- or chemical-cured.**

Answer 32

According to Stepaniuk S, et al. Evaluation of an osseous allograft membrane for guided tissue regeneration in the dog, J Vet Dent 2015; 32(4):226-232, which of the following is TRUE? * Periodontal probing depths measured at initial recheck 4 weeks after the GTR procedure were normal, with a mean periodontal probing gain of 5.4 mm. * Normal histological architecture of the perioodontal tissue was acheived in all 11 cases evaluated in this study. * Complete removal of inflammatory tissue and subgingival plaque and calculus without removing cementum is the most important aspect of site preparation for bone grafting and GTR. * **The most important purpose of grafting material is to provide physical support for flexible membranes.** ![]()

Answer 33

Which of the following is NOT a principal fiber of the periodontal ligament? * Oblique. * **Perpendicular.** * Apical. * Interradicular.

Answer 34

. According to Arzi B, et. al. Computed tomographic findings in dogs with temporomandibular joint disorder. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242 (10):69-75, the diagnosis for the lesions shown in this CT image is: * TMJ luxation. * TMJ dysplasia. * **TMJ osteoarthritis.** * TMJ osteomyelitis.

Answer 35

The lucency outlined in red is: * A radicular cyst * **The nasal cavity** * The maxillary recess * An endodontic lesion

Answer 36

Which of the following is TRUE regarding crown preparation? * There is no advantage of preparing the crown in either clockwise or counterclockwise direction. * Crown preparation with a high-speed hand piece should be performed in a clockwise direction. * If the handpiece is held in the right hand the crown preparation should be prepared in a clockwise direction. If the handpiece is held in the left hand the crown preparation should be prepared in a counterclockwise direction. * **Crown preparation with a high-speed hand piece should be performed in a counterclockwise direction around the circumference.**

Answer 37

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the phases of tooth movement? * If pressure applied to the periodontal ligament exceeds capillary pressure, frontal bone resorption occurs. * **A combination of undermining and frontal resorption occurs in clinical practice during tooth movement.** * Although difficult to avoid, ideally, during orthodontic tooth movement, no bone resorption should occur. * Alveolar bone is created in areas of increased periodontal ligament pressure, and is resorbed in areas of periodontal ligament tension.

Answer 38

The definition of stress with respect to dental materials is: * Ratio of tensile force to the original cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of applied force. * Change in length per unit initial length. * **Force per unit area within a structure subjected to an external force or pressure.** * Force per unit area acting on the external surface of a material.

Answer 39

The apparent widened pulp canal indicated by the black arrow is most likely: * A failure of the tooth to produce dentin due to endodontic disease. * Unclassifiable tooth resorption. * **Internal surface resorption.** * Calcification of the apical portion of the pulp canal giving the illusion of a widened pulp canal.

Answer 40

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sharpening a curette using the moving flat stone technique? * The instrument is held vertically so that the face of the blade is perpendicular to the floor. * The stone is placed so the angle between the face and the stone is 70 degrees. * The sharpening sequence always ends on an upstroke so as not to leave a rough edge. * **A drop of oil and an India or Arkansas sharpening stone is used.**

Answer 41

In Lohinai Z, et al. Biofilm lysine decarboxylase, a new therapeutic target for periodontal inflammation, J. Periodontol, 2015; 86(1):1176-84, which of the following if FALSE? * Lysine enters the oral cavity in gingival crevicular fluid. * Lysine depletion impairs the dental epithelial barrier to bacterial proinflammatory products. * Tranexamic acid may impair dental epithelial attachments by inhibiting lysine transporter uptake. * **The lysine analog, tranexamic acid, strongly inhibitis lysine decarboxylase and therefore conversion of lysine to cadavarine by inhibiting bacterial lysine uptake.**

Answer 42

. In Harvey C, et al. Effect of frequency of brushing teeth on plaque and calculus accumulation, and gingivitis in dogs, J Vet Dent 2015;32(1): 16-21 which of the following is TRUE? * There was no statistically significant difference in mean plaque, calculus or gingivitis values on day 29 for dogs whose teeth were brushed every other week when compared with control dogs. * There was no statistically significant difference in mean plaque, calculus or gingivitis values on day 29 for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly or every other week when compared with control dogs * **There was no statistically significant difference in mean plaque or gingivitis values on day 29 for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly or every other week when compared with control dogs. There was a statistically significant difference in the calculus score for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly but not every other week.** * There was no statistically significant difference in mean plaque or calculus values on day 29 for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly or every other week when compared with control dogs. There was a statistically significant difference in the gingivitis score for dogs whose teeth were brushed weekly but not every other week.

Answer 43

. Which of these defects has the worst prognosis with treatment with osseous surgery? * **C** * B * All of the lesions shown have good prognoses with osseus surgery. * A

Answer 44

. In Bar-Am Y, et al. Elastic training for prevention of mandibular drift following mandibulectomy in dogs: 18 cases (2005-2008), Vet Surg 2010;39:25-28, the elastic training was achieved using which of the following methods? * Attaching an orthodontic button to the buccal aspect of the fourth premolar on the side of the intact mandible and one to the lingual aspect of the ipsilateral canine tooth of the mandible. * Attaching an orthodontic button to the buccal aspect of the canine tooth of the intact mandible and one to the palatal aspect of the ipslateral maxillary fourth premolar tooth and attaching an elastic rubber chain to the buttons. * **Attaching an orthodontic button to the lingual aspect of the canine tooth of the intact mandible and one to the buccal aspect of the ipsilateral maxillary fourth premolar tooth and attaching an elastic rubber chain to the buttons.** * Attaching an orthodontic button to the palatal aspect of the fourth premolar on the side of the intact mandible and one to the buccal aspect of the ipsilateral canine tooth of the mandible.

Answer 45

Regarding biological control of tooth movement in orthodontics, which of the following is TRUE? * The two theories of biological control of tooth movement are the peizoelectric theory and the pressure-tension theory. In the peizoelectric theory, activation of the peizoelectric properties of collagen produces electric current which is believed to initiate tooth movement. In the pressure-tension theory, decreased oxygen on the compression side of the PDL results in release of chemical messengers which initiates tooth movement. * **The two theories of biological control of tooth movement are the bioelectric theory and the pressure-tension theory. In the bioelectric theory, electric signals produced when alveolar bone flexes and bends and are believed to initiate tooth movement. In the pressure-tension theory, chemical messengers cause tooth movement.** * The two theories of biological control of tooth movement are the peizoelectric theory and the pressure-tension theory. In the peizoelectric theory, deformation of the crystal structure of the bone matrix produces electric current which is believed to initiate tooth movement. In the pressure-tension theory, chemical messengers cause tooth movement. * The two theories of biological control of tooth movement are the bioelectric theory and the pressure-tension theory. In the bioelectric theory, stress-generated signals are believed to initiate tooth movement and in the pressure-tension theory, altered blood flow in the PDL activates cells and results in tooth movement.

Answer 46

In Riggs GG, et. al. clinical application of cone beam computed tomography of the rabbit head: part 2 - dental disease. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:5, the most common findings identified in CBCT images in order of frequency were: * Missing teeth, premolar and molar malocclusion, apical elongation, coronal elongation. * Coronal elongation, premolar and molar malocclusion, missing teeth, periodontal ligament space widening. * Premolar and molar malocclusion, missing teeth, apical elongation, coronal elongation. * **Periodontal ligament space widening, premolar and molar malocclusion, apical elongation, coronal elongation.**

Answer 47

This carious lesion would be classfied according to G.V. Black classification as: * Class III. * Class II. * Class IV. * **Class I.**

Answer 48

In Lewis JR, et al. Mandibular reconstruction after gunshot trauma in a dog by use of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233(10):1598-1604, which of the following is TRUE regarding the exuberant response to rhBMP-2 that occurred? * Post-operative complications in this surgery, in addition to exuberant bone growth included mucosal erosion and exposure of the plates placed on the dorsolateral surface of the mandible. * Hematoma formation in the 48 hours post-operatively was ruled out as a cause of swelling at the surgical site by the lack of blood cells in the fluid aspirated from the surgical site. * The exuberant proliferation of bone in this case temporarily limited the full range of motion of the mandible. * **The exuberant response most likely was caused by using a slightly higher dose of rhBMP-2 than had been previously reported.**

Answer 49

Which of the following is TRUE about opioids? * Fentanyl is a mu antagoinst and has minimal effect on somatic pain as well as a short half life and is a poor choice for management of oral pain. * Buprenorphine is an agonist at the mu receptor and a partial agonist at the kappa receptor so can be used to reverse morphine while still having some analgesic properties. * **Morphine is a pure agonist and acts on the mu, kappa and delta receptors.** * Butorphanol is a partial agonist at the mu receptor only so has less profound analgesic properties as pure agonist, but is an effective analgesic for mild to moderate pain.

Answer 50

Which of the following is TRUE about local anesthetics? * Lidocaine, prilocaine, mepivicaine and bupivacaine are metabolized by plasma cholinesterases. * Local anesthetics act by blocking sodium channels and preventing rapid outflow of sodium ions from nerve axons. * **Noxious stimulation increases the frequency of channel opening resulting in painful areas being more effectively blocked by local anesthetics.** * Lipid-soluble local anesthetics work more quickly because they can penetrate the cell membrane readily but are less toxic because they are retained in cells

Answer 51

The lesion shown in this radiograph of a cat mandible is: * Osteomyelitis. * Artifact from over exposure of the radiograph. * Neoplasia. * **It is not possible to distinguish osteomyelitis from neoplasia radiographically.**

Answer 52

In Smith MM, et al. Dental wax decreases calculus accumulation in small dogs. J Vet Dent 2014; 31(1): 26-29, which of the following is TRUE? * The study was a randomized, crossover, outcome evaluator-blinded, client-owned animal clinical field study where the teeth were cleaned and wax was applied by owners to one side of the mouth for 45 days, followed by another cleaning and application of wax to the other side of the mouth for 45 days. * Teeth receiving treatment daily had significantly less calculus accumulation. Teeth that did not receive treatment for 4 or more consecutive days had less calculus accumulation than control teeth, but the difference was not statistically significant. * Teeth receiving treatment daily had significantly less gingivitis, but not significantly less plaque than control teeth. * **The dental wax contains plant extracts that inhibit glucosyl transferases resulting in disruption of the structure of biofilms.**

Answer 53

According to Benjamino KP, et al. Pharyngeal mucoceles in dogs: 14 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 48:31-35, which of the following is TRUE: * **There was recurrence of the mucocele in only one of the dogs during the short-term study period (3 weeks post-operatively).** * Golden retrievers and german shepherds were overrepresented in this study. * The mucoceles were most commonly found on the right side (54%) vs the left side (46%). * Inspiratory stridor (50%) was the most common presenting sign, while acute onset dyspnea was the second most common sign (36%). ![]()

Answer 54

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the general characteristics of poliglecaprone 25? * The suture has slight tissue reactivity. It retains 74% tensile strength at 14 days and is completely absorbed at 180 days. * The suture has moderate tissue reactivity. The tensile strength is unpredictable and it is completely absorbed after 45-60 days. * The suture has minimal tissue reactivity. It retains 50% of tensile strength after5 days and is completely absorbed at 42 days. * **This suture has minimal tissue reactivity. At 7 days it retains 50-60% of tensile strength and complete absorption occurs at 91-119 days.**

Answer 55

In Jackson K, et al. A retrospective study of the effectiveness of four different treatments of periodontal disease in equine cheek teeth, J Vet Dent 2016; 33(2):83-89, which of the following was NOT a treatment included in the study? * Diastema widening with a mechanical bur. * Metronidazole placement in periodontal pockets, followed by polyvinyl siloxane placement in diastema. * **Extraction of teeth with excessive mobility.** * Manual cleaning of diastema, irrigation of pockets with dilute chlorhexidine, followed by rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Answer 56

The regional nerve block being performed here blocks which nerve? * The dorsal buccal branch of CN VII nerve . * **Maxillary nerve.** * Infraorbital nerve . A nerve block is not being performed in this photograph

Answer 57

Which of the following is FALSE regarding clinical outcomes of power-driven instruments in humans? * A review by the American Academy of Periodontology found no difference in clinical outcomes between sonic, magnetorestrictive and piezoelectric scalers. * Power scalers improve access when scaling furcations. * **In studies of efficacy for removing calculus, and studies of gains of clinical attachment, power scalers have been consistently shown to be more effective in removing calculus than hand instruments from single rooted teeth.** * The primary expected clinical outcomes from scaling and root planing are a reduction in bleeding and probing depth and a gain in clinical attachments.

Answer 58

Scar tissue formed in oral mucosa usually remodels and minimal scar tissue forms after oral surgery. The reason for this is not fully understood, but increasing evidence exists that this is because of which of the following? * Because mucosal tissues are more pliable, the wound contraction phase of healing does not usually occur. * There are no contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) in mucosal tissue. * There are markedly fewer fibroblasts in mucosal tissue than in skin. * **Fibroblasts in oral mucosa are phenotypically different from those of skin and more closely resemble fetal fibroblasts.**

Answer 59

. In Girard N, et al. Root canal treatment in dogs and cats. J Vet Dent 2006; 23(3) :148-158, which of the following is TRUE? * Entombment of bacteria within the canal using obturation techniques and material currently used separate bacteria within the canal from periradicular tissues. * Leakage studies demonstrate that root obturation provides an acceptably reliable bacteria-tight seal. * Gutta-percha provides a dependable long-term seal. * **Currently available techniques to clean the root canal provide a high degree of success.**

Answer 60

The current theory explaining dentin sensitivity involves which fibers and is called which of the following? * C-fibers, hydrodynamic mechanism of dentin sensitivity. * **A-delta fibers, hydrodynamic mechanism of dentin sensitivity.** * A-delta fibers, direct innervation theory. * C-fibers, direct innervation theory.

Answer 61

In Weeden AM, et al. Surgical approaches to the nasal cavity and sinuses, Vet Clin Small Anim 2016; 46:719-733, which of the following is FALSE? * Subcutaneous emphysema does not occur with the ventral approach to the nasal cavity. * The combined rostrolateral nasal approach should only be used for small local or benign tumors affecting the rostral septum. * The dorsal approach cannot be used to access lesions located within the nasopharynx. * **Electrocoagulation, digital pressure and iced saline spiked with epinephrine are the best methods of minimizing nasal cavity hemorrhage.**

Answer 62

Radiograph A is a postoperative radiograph of a left mandibular first molar tooth. Radiograph B shows the tooth two years later. Radiograph C was taken intraoperatively during retreatment. The most likely cause of the area shown at the red arrow is: * Sealant leakage from an accessory canal. * **Tooth resorption that was not present or not filled with sealant during the intitial treatment.** * Ledging that occurred during retreatment. * Sealant present in an infraboney pocket adjacent to the tooth root.

Answer 63

The most likely size of this endodontic file is: * **55 mm** * 50 mm * 45 mm * 60 mm

Answer 64

Which of the following is FALSE regarding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and periodontal pathogenesis? * MMPs are important in osteoblastic bone formation. * **Tetracyclines downregulate MMPs only at the higher range of antimicrobial doses.** * MMPs remove collagen remnants left over by osteoclasts. * MMPs release cytokines.

Answer 65

Which of the following is NOT an obturation technique in root canal treatment? * Thermoplastic injection technique. * Thermomechanical compaction technique. * **Dynamic compaction technique.** * Continuous wave compaction technique.

Answer 66

The photo shows which of the following instruments? * Kirkland gingivectomy knife. * Merrifield gingivectomy knife. * **Orban gingivectomy knife.** * Goldman-Fox periodontal pocket marker.

Answer 67

Endodontic hand files produced by cutting triangular pieces from tapered wire, and used in a push-pull manner are called: * **Hedstrom files** * Kerr files * Reamers * Barbed broaches

Answer 68

The instruments shown in this photograph are: * A - WHO probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan "O" probe, with Williams markings, D - Michigan "O" probe with non-Williams markings, E - Marquis color-coded probe * A - WHO probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C- Michigan "O" probe with non-Williams markings, D - University of Michigan "O" probe, with Williams markings, E - Marquis color-coded probe * **A - Marquis color-coded probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan "O" probe, with Williams markings, D - Michigan "O" probe with non-Williams markings, E WHO probe** A - Marquis color-coded probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan "O" The instruments shown in this photograph are: * A - WHO probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan "O" probe, with Williams markings, D - Michigan "O" probe with non-Williams markings, E - Marquis color-coded probe * A - WHO probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C- Michigan "O" probe with non-Williams markings, D - University of Michigan "O" probe, with Williams markings, E - Marquis color-coded probe * **A - Marquis color-coded probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan "O" probe, with Williams markings, D - Michigan "O" probe with non-Williams markings, E WHO probe** A - Marquis color-coded probe, B - UNC-15 probe, C-University of Michigan "O"

Answer 69

In Krug W. Area of desensitization following mental nerve block in dogs, J Vet Dent 2011; 28(3):146-150, which of the following is TRUE? * **The most reliably desensitized tooth was the ipsilateral third premolar tooth.** * The most reliably desensitized tooth was the ipsilateral third incisor tooth. * An algometer was used to standardize forces and temperatures applied to the teeth during testing. * Soft tissues were more reliably blocked than hard tissues.

Answer 70

Bradycardia associated with severe hypothermia during anesthesia is characterized on electrocardiogram by: * A prolonged QT interval. * A prolonged ST segment, with normal QRS and T waves. * Second degree (Mobitz 1) av block. * **A prolonged PR interval, widening of the QRS complex and lengthening of the ST segment.**

Answer 71

. According to Hennet P. Piezoelectric bone surgery: a review of the literature and potential applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery. Front Vet Sci 2015;2(8):1-7, which of the following is NOT an advantage of piezoelectric surgery over surgical burs or oscillating saws? * Increased precision. * Reduced bleeding. * Reduced tissue trauma. * **Increased speed of bone cutting.**

Answer 72

Which of the following is FALSE regarding laser and radiosurgery? * Radiosurgery uses radiosignals to produce fine incisions with minimal heat and can also coagulate. * CO2 lasers interact with free water molecules in soft tissue. * **Low-level laser therapy provides biostimulative light energy to fibroblasts increasing collagen production.** * Diode and ND:YAG wavelengths target the pigments in soft tissue.

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