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Spring 2020 - Chemistry & Physics > Radiation - Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Radiation - Quiz 5 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is Conduction heat exchange?

A

Heat transfer thru physical contact

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2
Q

What is Convection Heat Exchange?

A

Heat transfer via movement of matter

EX: Hand over flame

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3
Q

What is Radiation Heat Exchange?

A

Heat transfer involving Electromagnetic Waves

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4
Q

How are Electromagnetic waves produced?

A

Acceleration of Charged Particles

Wave-Like & Particle-Like Properties

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5
Q

Electromagnetic waves also act like small packets of energy, also known as?

A

Photons

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6
Q

According to Energy Conservation, How does the Total energy in an Isolated System change?

A

Total Energy is the kinetic energy & the mass equivalent - total energy remains constant

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7
Q

What is Radioactive Decay?

A

Spontaneous process where an unstable nucleas goes from high energy to low energy

Happens when repulsive forces > attractive forces

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8
Q

What is a Radionuclide?

A

A nuclide that undergoes Radioactive Decay

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9
Q

What determines the Electromagnetic Radiation’s effect on Matter?

A

Energy of the Photon(s)

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10
Q

What is Non-Ionizing Radiation?

A

When photons dont have enough energy to ionize matter and the energy just gets absorbed by matter, causing an increase of internal energy

EX: Microwave, Infrared, UV Radiation, Visible LIght

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11
Q

What is actually happening when matter is exposed to Non-Ionizing Radiation and the energy is absorbed?

A

Rotation, Vibration, or Excitation of Electrons inside the molecule or atoms

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12
Q

What does Microwaves do to Atoms & Molecules?

A

Atoms: Nothing

Molecules: Rotation

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13
Q

What does Infrared do to Atoms & Molecules?

A

Atoms: Nothing

Molecules: Rotation & Vibration

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14
Q

What does Visible Light & UV Light do to Atoms & Molecules?

A

Rearrange electrons for both

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15
Q

Why is Ionizing Radiation more Dangerous than Non-Ionizing Radiation?

A

Ionizing Radiation has enough energy to Break Chemical Bonds

EX: X-rays, Gamma Rays, Alpha/Beta Particles

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16
Q

What are the 3 Sources of Radioactive Material?

A

Primordial - exists from beginning of time

Cosmogenic - Radiation from space

Anthropogenic - From environment d/t human activities

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17
Q

What is the Unit in which radiation Exposure is measured?

A

Roentgen (R)

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18
Q

What is the Absorbed Dose of Radiation?

A

Amt of radiation energy absorbed per unit mass

(rad: radiation-absorbed dose is an older unit used)

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19
Q

At the most basic level, what does Ionizing Radiation do to Atoms & Molecules?

A

Removes Electrons from Atoms & Molecules

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20
Q

What type of cells are highly sensitive to radiation?

A

Cells that divide frequently - bone marrow, embryos, male gonads, tumors, CNS

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21
Q

What is the term for Bioligical Effects due to Radiation Exposure?

A

Somatic

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22
Q

What are the products made when Radiation interacts with the water in our cells?

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A

Ions, Free Radicals, and Excited atoms/molecules that can indirectly lead to DNA damage

Ionizing Radiation can directly lead to DNA damage

23
Q

What is the term used for effects or mutations from Radiation Exposure passed on to future generations?

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A

Genetic Effects

24
Q

What are Tissue Weighting Factors (WT)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Way to determine various radiation sensitivity of different tissue & organs

25
What is the Tissue Weighting Factor for Gonads?
WT = 0.20
26
What is the Tissue Weighting Factor for Bone Marrow & Lung?
WT = 0.12
27
What is the Tissue Weighting Factor for Bladder, Breast, Liver and Thyroid?
WT = 0.05
28
What is the Tissue Weighting Factor for Skin?
WT = 0.01
29
What is the ALARA Principle?
**_A**_s _**L**_ow _**A**_s _**R**_easonably _**A_**chievable
30
What do Dosimeters, film badges, and finger rings do?
Monitors Occupation Dose of Ionizing Radiation exposure
31
What are three ways to enforce the ALARA principle?
Time Distance Shielding
32
What is the Inverse Square Law?
Dose is **Proportional** to the Inverse of the Square of the Radius ## Footnote **_Double the distance = reduces 4x the radiation_**
33
What is the basic concept of Waves?
Periodic ripples, disturbances, or movement of energy
34
What are the types of Waves?
* **Transverse Waves** - moves up and down (perpendicular) * EX: Electromagnetic Waves * **Longitudinal Waves** - moves back and forth (parallel) and causes compression & decompression (Rarefaction) * Sound waves
35
What is Wave Frequency?
Waves/Cycles per second measured in Hertz (Hz)
36
What is Wavelength?
Distance from one wave crest to the next
37
How far the wave "slides" is also known as its?
Period or Phase Shift
38
What is the Wave Amplitude?
Height of the wave
39
What unit is the Speed of the Wave measured?
Meters per Second
40
What is the bottom of the Wave called?
Trough
41
What kind of waves can be Refracted, Diffracted or Absorbed by other waves?
Pressure Waves (Sound Waves)
42
What is Wave Reflection?
Waves reflect off a medium at same, but opposite angle
43
What is Wave Refraction?
Redirection of a wave due to contact w/ a new medium
44
What is Wave Diffraction?
Wave Spreading, Scattering, or Bending around an object
45
What happens when Sound Waves interact with certain tissues that cause Attenuation (reduction of amplitude/effect)?
Wave is converted to Heat and Dissipates
46
What are the Signal Generators & Signal Transducers of Ultrasonography?
Piezoelectric Crystals
47
What is the Resonant Frequency regarding Piezoelectric Crystals?
The rate of vibration & pressure fluctuation Considered a Pressure Wave
48
What is the Doppler Effect?
Describes change in frequency of a wave from a moving object Wave frequency decreases as object moves further away and increases when object gets closer d/t stacking of waves
49
How is the Doppler effect useful clinically?
Can determine blood flow direction & speed
50
What is Magnatism?
Force b/t electric currents where the charges are aligned in orderly fashion and can disrupt and alter the surrounding environment
51
How does an MRI work?
* Strong continuous magnetic field realigns the spin of protons and delivers a radiofrequency pulse to energize the protons * Protons will emit this energy
52
Which MRI Safety Zone poses the greatest risk of Injury?
Zone 4 - immediate area around scanner
53
What are the safety guidelines in Zone 4 of the MRI?
Ferrous materials must be removed before entering Special Equipment only Implanted devices are OK

Spring 2020 - Chemistry & Physics (8 decks)

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