States of Matter & Changes of State - Quiz 4

Question 1

Characteristics of

Solid:

Liquid:

Gas:

Answer 1

• Solid: Definite Volume & Shape
• Liquid: Definite Volume
• Gas: No Definite Shape or Volume

Question 2

Liquid Intermolecular forces can and can’t do what?

Answer 2

Can hold molecules together, but cant prevent them from sliding past each other

Question 3

What are the Intermolecular Forces for Gas Molecules?

Answer 3

Zero

Question 4

What is Deposition?

Answer 4

Gas to Solid

Question 5

What is Sublimation?

Answer 5

Solid directly into Gas

Question 6

Cations

Answer 6

Metals that tend to give up electrons

Question 7

Anions

Answer 7

Non metals that tend to acquire electrons

Question 8

What is an Ionic Bond?

Answer 8

Attraction between oppositely charged ions

Stronger than Covalent Bonds

Question 9

What are Covalent Bonds?

Answer 9

Sharing of Electrons by overlapping electron clouds of two atoms

Weaker than Ionic Bonds

Question 10

Valence Electrons

Answer 10

Electrons on the Outer Most Shell

Number of Valence electrons = Group Number

They all want eight (octet rule)

Question 11

VSEPR Theory

Answer 11

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

The groups connected to central atoms want to get away from eachother

Question 12

What is Pauling’s concept of Electronegitivity?

Answer 12

More Electronegative atoms will tend to pull electrons towards themselves

Flourine is the most Electronegative

Question 13

What is a Non-Polar Bond?

Answer 13

When two bonded atoms have the same electronegativity

Question 14

What is a Polar Bond?

Answer 14

When two bonded atoms have different electronegativity.

The electrons are closer to the more electronegative atom

Creates Partial Charge

Question 15

What are the main types of Intermolecular Forces?

Answer 15

Dipolar

Hydrogen Bonding

London Forces

Question 16

Dipole-Dipole Attraction

Answer 16

Only happens between Polar Molecules or those of Opposite Partial Charges

Question 17

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 17

• Type of Dipolar Interation
• Only when directly bonded to F, O, N
• Stronger than Dipole-Dipole
• So when Hydrogen is bonded to F/O/N, that same Hydrogen highly attracts other things w/ partial negative charge

Question 18

How is Hydrogen Bonding Important to the body?

Answer 18

• Keeps water in liquid state
• Holds DNA together
• Maintain Enzymes

Question 19

Ion Dipole Attraction

Answer 19

• Attraction b/t Ionic & Polar Molecule
• Allows ionic solids to dissolve in water
• Strength depends on dipole moment

Question 20

What are London Forces?

Answer 20

• Weakest, but Most Important and found Everywhere
• Occurs with uneven distribution of e^- –> instant dipole
• Bigger molecules have bigger London Forces d/t more e^-
• AKA Vander Waal Forces

Question 21

What changes with more Intermolecular Forces?

Answer 21

↑Boiling & ↑Melting

↑Heat of Fusion & Vaporization

↑Viscosity

↓Vapor Pressure

Solubility

Question 22

How does Intermolecular Forces relate to Surface Tension?

Answer 22

Greater Intermolecular Forces = Greater Surface Tension

Question 23

According to LaPlace’s Law, what is the relationship between surface tension and radius?

Answer 23

In a blood vessel, the surface tension is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel.

Tension = Pressure x Radius (Cylindrical)

Question 24

LaPlace states in a blood vessel, the smaller the radius. the ________ pressure it can withstand

Answer 24

Smaller the radius of blood vessel, the more pressure it can withstand

Question 25

How does surface tension act in a spherical shape?

Answer 25

Tension = Pressure x (Radius/2)

Question 26

What are Surfactants?

Answer 26

Surface Active Agent, like soap, that reduces surface tension

Question 27

What is Saponification?

Answer 27

Chemical Process of making soap from fats/oils Soap is the salt of Fatty Acid

Question 28

What is the Form of Soaps and Surfactants?

Answer 28

Polar head with Non-Polar (Hydrophobic) tail.

Question 29

What are Micelles?

Answer 29

When the Non-Polar, Hydrophobic tails come together and form a sphere. This traps other greasy, water-insoluble things in the center.

Question 30

Increase Intermolecular forces _______ viscosity

Answer 30

Increasing IM forces **increases** Viscosity

Question 31

The greater the Intermolecular Force, the __________ the Vapor Pressures

Answer 31

Greater IM Forces = **Lower** Vapor Pressures

Question 32

What is Vapor Pressure?

Answer 32

The pressure exerted by the most energetic molecules when they escape and become free gas

Question 33

What is the relationship of Temperature to Vapor Pressure & Volatility of a liquid?

Answer 33

**Increased** Temperature = **Increased** Vapor Pressure & Volatility

Question 34

What is the Heat of Vaporization?

Answer 34

The Amount of Energy needed to free one mole of liquid, at its boiling point, into the gas phase (AKA Molar Enthalpy of Vaporization)

Question 35

What is Dynamic Equilibrium?

Answer 35

When the amount of molecules escaping liquid and the amount of molecules going back into liquid are the same. (Balance between Vaporization & Condensation)

Question 36

What is Liquid Volatility?

Answer 36

The tendency of a liquid to Evaporate

Question 37

The higher the Vapor Pressure, the _________ volatile the liquid. The lower the Vapor Pressure, the _______ volatile the liquid. Vice Versa

Answer 37

Higher Vapor Pressure = **More** Volatility Lower Vapor Pressure = **Less** Volatility

Question 38

Inside a Gas Vaporizer, what are the factors that determine the concentration of Gas Delivered?

Answer 38

Temperature and Amount of O₂

Question 39

What is the Vapor Pressure of Isoflurane?

Answer 39

239 mmHg

Question 40

What is the Vapor Pressure of Enflurane?

Answer 40

175 mmHg

Question 41

What is the Vapor Pressure of Halothane?

Answer 41

243 mmHg

Question 42

What is the Vapor Pressure of Desflurane?

Answer 42

669 mmHg

Question 43

What is the Vapor Pressure of Sevoflurane?

Answer 43

157 mmHg

Question 44

What is a Boiling Point?

Answer 44

The Temperature when Vapor Pressure = Ambient Pressure

Question 45

The more the Intermolecular forces, the ______ the Boiling Point and the ______ Melting Point

Answer 45

More IM forces = **Higher** Boiling Point & **Higher** Melting Point

Question 46

What kind of effect does Evaporation have?

Answer 46

Cooling effect d/t Endothermic Process EX: Sweating

Question 47

What kind of effect does Consendation have?

Answer 47

Heating effect because it releases energy. EX: Hot steam burning you

Question 48

What is the Molar Enthalpy of Fusion?

Answer 48

Heat needed to convert 1 mole of solid to liquid at its normal meltin point.

Question 49

What is the Triple Point on a Phase Diagram?

Answer 49

The Pressure and Temperature at which a substance exists in all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) in equilibrium

Question 50

What is the Critical Point in a Phase Diagram?

Answer 50

The point at which there is no phase boundaries.