Reading

Question 1

Is reading heritable?

Answer 1

Yes (even though writing systems are artificial and relatively modern).

Question 2

Average rate of reading silently for meaning in adult readers

Answer 2

238 words/minute.

Question 3

Triangle model of skilled reading

Answer 3

Orthography, phonology, semantics.
Words can be read O->S. Direct connections from spelling to meaning (sail-sale).
Words can be read O->P->S.

Question 5

3 inconsistencies in mappings

Answer 5

1. Same sound, different spelling.
2. Same spelling, different sound.
3. Look similar and sound the same, but distinct meanings.

Question 6

Phonological awareness

Answer 6

Awareness of and access to the phonology (sound-structure) of language. Develops from larger to smaller and is associated with learning to read.

Question 7

Phonological awareness tasks

Answer 7

Children make explicit judgements about the sounds of words/nonwords or perform manipulations of sound structure of spoken words.

Question 8

Liberman and Shankweiler (1974) pre-school children and syllable/phoneme segmentation

Answer 8

Phoneme segmentation very difficult. Syllable segmentation ok.

Question 10

Muter et al. (2004) longitudinal study on PA and reading

Answer 10

Word recognition at t3 predicted by PA, word recognition, and letter knowledge at t2. Letters, phonemes, and reading at t1/t2 account for 88% variance in reading at t3.

Question 11

Hatcher et al. (1994) reading training intervention phonological awareness/reading/reading + phonological awareness/controls

Answer 11

Most gains in reading and spelling skills for reading + PA group. Others were on par with controls.

Question 12

2 causal foundations to alphabetic principle

Answer 12

1. Knowledge of letters.
2. Phonological awareness.

Question 13

What does initial reading depend on?

Answer 13

The alphabetic principle. Initial reading is O->P->S and becomes more O->S with expertise. Reading experience allows children to internalise probabilities and generalise knowledge to new words.