Recognizing Objects

Question 1

Apperceptive Agnosia:

Answer 1

Able to see object’s shape, colour, and position, but can’t put these elements together to perceive the whole object

Question 2

Associative Agnosia:

Answer 2

• Able to see but can’t link what they see to basic visual knowledge
  
  • i.e. Ability to pick up glove and describe it, but doesn’t know that it is a glove, “the man who mistook his wife for a hat”

Question 3

Integrative Agnosia:

Answer 3

• Able to detect features in a display

* Impaired when they need to judge how features are bound together to form complex objects

Question 4

Bottom Up Processes:

Answer 4

Processes that are directly shaped by the stimulus

Question 5

Top Down Processes:

Answer 5

Processes shaped on your knowledge

Question 6

Identification of Visual Features:

Answer 6

• Input patter (lines, curves…etc) assembled into a large unit
  
  • i.e. 4 right angles= square
  • People are faster at detecting/ analysing simple features than a combination of complex ones

Question 7

Tachistoscope

Answer 7

Device designed to present stimuli for precisely controlled amounts of time

Question 8

Post stimulus mask

Answer 8

Random assortment of letters to interrupt any continued processing of stimulus to be sure that the stimulus was presented for only a controlled amount of time

Question 9

Word Frequency and Word Recognition:

Answer 9

Frequently viewed words and infrequently viewed words for 35 ms followed by mask. Frequently recognized words recognized twice as much

Question 10

Priming:

Answer 10

• Exposure to a stimulus beforehand

Question 11

Repetition Priming

Answer 11

Exposure primes participant for second exposure

i.e. Participants read list of words aloud, then shown series of words in tachistoscope (some were in the previous list). Words that were primed had a higher recognition rate)

Question 12

Word Superiority Effect:

Answer 12

• Words are easier to perceive than isolated letters
• Two alternative, forced choice procedure
◦ Letter presented with post stimulus mask, then ask participant what letter it was (give them 2 choices)
◦ Word presented with post stimulus mask, then ask participant what letter was in display (2 choices)
◦ Accuracy was much higher in word condition

Question 13

Degree of Well Formedness:

Answer 13

• How well a letter sequence conforms to usual spelling patterns
  
  • i.e. JPSRW is harder to remember than FIKE

Question 14

Making Errors:

Answer 14

• Strong tendency to misread less common letter sequences as if they were more common patterns
  
  • i.e. TPUM more likely to be read as TRUM or DRUM or TRUMPET

Question 15

Feature Nets:

Answer 15

• Network of detectors, organized by layers
  
  • Bottom layer is concerned with features (i.e. horizontal lines)
  • Each layer deals with larger scale objects
  • Demonstrates bottom up processing

Question 16

Detectors:

Answer 16

• Each detector has an activation level, which reflects how energized the detector is
  
  • Activation level increases when detector receives input until it reaches its response threshold causing t to fire (send its signal to other detectors)
  • Detectors that have fired recently or frequently will have a higher activation level- weak signal is enough to make them fire

Question 17

Bigram Detectors:

Answer 17

Layer of detectors that detect letter pairs

Question 18

Recovery From Confusion:

Answer 18

• Short exposure to stimulus can result in only some detectors stimulated
  
  • Feature detectors activation in all relevant letter detectors, sorted out at bigram level
  • i.e. only bottom curve of O detected, so O, U and Q detectors all activated, CO detector fires at bigram level because it has a higher activation level

Question 19

McClelland and Rumelhart Model:

Answer 19

• Excitatory connects allow one detector to activate its neighbours
  
  • Inhibitoary connectors prevents detector from activating detectors
  • i.e. G detector inhibits “TRIP” detector
  • Higher level detectors can influence lower level detectors

Question 20

Recognition by Components (RBC):

Answer 20

• Includes intermediate level of detectors sensitive to geons (geometric ions)
  
  • Geon detectors then activate geon assembly levels which activate the object model
  • Recognition is viewpoint independent (doesn’t matter what angle you’re looking at the object, objet will be perceived the same)

Question 21

Multiple Views Model:

Answer 21

• Memory stores a number of different views for an object
  
  • If current view doesn’t line up with saved view, you need to “rotate” current view to line up with saved view
  • Viewpoint dependent

Question 22

Prosopagnosia:

Answer 22

• Inability to recognize individual faces

* Viewpoint dependent

Question 23

Fusiform Face Area (FFA):

Answer 23

• Area in brain specifically responsive to faces

* Also responds to activities requiring subtle distinctions among birds and cars

Question 24

Holistic Perception:

Answer 24

• Recognition of faces depends on complex relationships created by the face’s overall configuration