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Haemotology > Red Blood Cells > Flashcards

Red Blood Cells Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Where do all blood cells originate from

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

Where are the blood cells derived from

A

Haemopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

What gives rise to erythrocytes

A

Myeloid stem cells

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4
Q

Table of the blood cells

A
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5
Q

What are the HSC characteristics

A

Self-renew (daughter cells remain as HSC)

Differentiate to daughter cells

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6
Q

Stem cell hierarchy

A
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7
Q

Where are HSC developed in fetus

A

3 wks in the mesoderm (yolk salk)

6-8 wks liver takes over and remains principal until shortly before birth

10 wks bone marrow

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8
Q

Where is HSC developed in children

A

Bone marrow everywhere

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9
Q

Where is HSC developed in adults

A

Pelvis, femur, sterum and proximal arm and thigh

Other sites may retain their ability

Haemopoiesis may occur outside the bone marrow

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10
Q

What is haemopoiesis regulated by

A

Genes, transcription factors, growth factors and microenvironment

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11
Q

What are haemopoietic growth factors

A

Glycoprotein hormones which bind to cell surface receptors

Regulates proliferation and differentiation of HSC

Regulate function of mature blood cells

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12
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin

A

Induces erythropoiesis

Synthesised in the kidney

Glycoprotein

Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

Direct cause or reduced oxygen to the kidney

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13
Q

How are granulocytes and monocytes regulated

A

G-CSF

Granulacyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factors

Cytokines e.g. interleukins

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14
Q

What is the role of thromopoietin

A

Platelet production

Megakaryocytopiesis

Produced by cells of the bone marrow

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15
Q

Development of red blood cells

A
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16
Q

Why do we need iron

A

Oxygen transport in haemoglobin

DNA synthesis

Mitchondrial proteins

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17
Q

Where is haem iron (Fe2) found

A

Red meat

Fish

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18
Q

Where is non-haem iron found

A

Grains

Beans

Plant based food

Dairy

Nuts

Soya beans - contains phytates which reduce iron absorption

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19
Q

What reducing substances are required to absorb non-haem iron

A

Ascorbic acid

Vitamin C

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20
Q

Why is it important to regulate iron absorption

A

Iron can form free radicals which can damage tissues

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21
Q

What is the molecule that transports iron

A

Transferrin

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22
Q

What is hepcidin

A

Regulates absorption of iron

Ferroportin - Fe3

Ferritin - Fe2

Iron is shed into the gut lumen otherwise

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23
Q

What cytokines are produced in inflammatory response

A

IFNy - reduction in erythropoiesis

IL-1 TNFa and IL-6 mediate hepcidin

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24
Q

How does hepcidin cause anaemia?

Study These Flashcards
A

Prevent uptake of iron

25
What is folate/folic acid and B12 used for
Synthesis of Thymine Inhibits DNA synthesis
26
What does the deficiency of Vitamin B12 and folate affect
Rapidly dividing cells Bone marrow - cells can grow but cannot divide (megablastic erythropoesis) Epithelial surfaces of mouth and gut Gonads
27
Sources of B12
Meat Liver and Kidney Fish Oyster and clams Eggs Milk and cheese
28
Folic acid
Green leafy vegetables Cauliflower Brussels sprout Live and kidney Whole grain cereals Yeast Fruit
29
How is B12 absorped
Cleaved by HCl in stomach Binds to intrinsic factor Binds to receptors in the ileum
30
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Inadequate intake Lack of acid in stotmach Inadequate secretion of IF Malabsorption
31
When do folic acid requirements increase
Pregnancy Increased red cell production
32
How are red blood cells destroyed
Phagocytic cells of the spleen Haem Bulirubin is excreted in bile
33
What does erthrocyte function depend on
Integrity of the membrane Haemoglobin structure Cellular metabolism
34
Why are erythrocytes binconcave
Help them maneouver Made up of a lipid bilayer supported by cytoskeleton and transmembrane proteins Maintain integrity and elasticity
35
What is hereditary spherocytosis
Disruption of vertical linkages in membrane Spherocytes Loss of cell membrane without loss of cytoplasm Red cells become less flexible and undergo haemolysis
36
What is hereditary elliptocytosis
Disruption of horizontal linkages Elliptocytes - occurs in iron deficiency as well
37
What is haemoglobin made up of
2 a and 2 b globin chain bound to a haem group Each haem group consists of ferrous iron held in a ring known as porphyrin At birth it is 2 a and 2 y chains
38
What is the type of haemoglobin in foetus
Haemoglobin F
39
Bohr shift
40
How are RBC highly adapted
Generation of ATP maintenance of haemoglobin function, membrane integrity and RBC volume
41
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Can cause intermittent severe intravascular haemolysis as a result of infection or exposure to oxidant Normally hemizygous males as X linked May be food Distribution parallels malaria, selective advantage
42
Picture of G6PD
Irregularly contracted cell Loss central pallor Hemighost because of loss of cell membrane Oxidant damage Heinz bodies found
43
Size of red blood cells
44
Causes of microcytosis
Iron deficiency Anaemia of chronic disease Defect in globin synthesis (thalassaemia)
45
Different types of macrocytes
Round Oval Polychromatic
46
Causes of macrocytosis
Lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid (megaloblastic anaemia) Liver disease and ethanol toxicity Haemolysis (polychromasia) Pregnancy
47
What is the colour of RBC
1/3 is pale due to lack of haemoglobin
48
What is hypochromia
Cells have a larger central pallor Lower haemoglobin content Hympochromia and microcytosis often go together
49
Polychromasia
Increased blue tinge Cell is young
50
What does new methylene blue stain do
Stain higher RNA content in reticulocytes
51
When does reticulocytosis happen
Response to bleeding Red cell destruction
52
Anisocytosis
Variation in size than normal
53
Poikilocytosis
Variation in shape of red blood cells
54
What are target cells
Accumulation of haemglobin in central pallor Can occur in obstructive jaudice Liver disease Haemoglobinopathies Hyposplenism
55
Why does sickle cell have that shape
Haemoglobin S happens where the are one or two copies of an abnormal B globin gene Haemoglobin S is less soluble than Haemoglobin A Chartrge glutamic acid replaces by an uncharged valine molecule
56
What are red cell fragments
Schistocytes Shearing process caused by platelet rich blood clots
57
Reference range
Carefully defined reference range
58
How to interpret blood count
Anaemia? Blood count? Clinical history?

Haemotology (9 decks)

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