Reference values

Question 1

Red blood cell count (RBC)

Answer 1

Female: 3.8–5.2 T/l
Male: 4.4–5.5 T/l

Question 2

Hemoglobin (HGB)

Answer 2

Female: 120–165 g/l
Male: 135–170 g/l

Question 3

Hematocrit (PCV)

Answer 3

Female: 0.37–0.47 l/l
Male: 0.40–0.54 l/l

Question 4

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer 4

80–95 fl

Question 5

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Answer 5

28–33 pg

Question 6

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Answer 6

320–360 g/l

Question 7

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, Westergren)

Answer 7

<20 mm/h

Question 8

Reticulocyte count (relative to RBC)

Answer 8

0.5–2.0 %

Question 9

Platelet count (PLT)

Answer 9

150–400 G/l

Question 10

White blood cell count (WBC)

Answer 10

4–10 G/l

Question 11

Differential blood count

Answer 11

• Neutrophil, juvenile (metamyelocyte) 0–1 %
• Neutrophil, band 3–5 %
• Neutrophil, segment 50–70 %
• Eosinophil 2–4 %
• Basophil 0–1 %
• Monocyte 2–6 %
• Lymphocyte 20–40 %

Question 12

Hemostasis parameters

Answer 12

• Bleeding time
• Prothrombin time (PT, INR)
• aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)
• Thrombin time
• Fibrinogen

Question 13

Inorganiccomponentsinserum/plasma

Answer 13

1) Sodium
2) Potassium
3) Calcium
4) Chloride
5) Iron
6) TIBC (total iron binding capacity)

Question 14

Metabolitesinserum/plasma

Answer 14

1) Bilirubin total and direct reacting
2) Glucose (fasting)
3) Uric acid
4) Carbamid
5) Creatinin
6) Cholesterol (total)
7) HDL ­cholesterol
8) Triglycerides

Question 15

Proteinsinserum/plasma

Answer 15

• Total protein
• Albumin
• A/G (albumin/globulin quotient)
• CRP (C­reactive protein)

Question 16

Enzyme activities in serum/plasma

depends a lot on measurement method!

Answer 16

• Alpha-­amilase
• ALAT (alanin­aminotransferase, GPT)
• ASAT (aspartate­aminotransferase, GOT)
• ALP (alkaline phosphatase)
• CK (creatinkinase)
• GGT (gamma­glutamyl­transpeptidase)
• LDH (lactatedehydrogenase)

Question 17

Acid-baseparametersandbloodgases

arterializedcapillaryblood

Answer 17

• pH
• pCO2
• Standard bicarbonate (st HCO–3)
• BE (base excess)
• pO2
• O2 Sat

Question 18

Renalfunctionandurinalysis

Answer 18

• Creatinine ­clearance (for 1.73 m2 body surface)
• Urine volume
• pH
• “Specific gravity” (density)
• Osmolar concentration
• Urinary sediment (per field)

Question 19

ECG

Answer 19

1) Usual chart speed
2) AV conduction time (PR interval)
3) Width of the QRS complex
4) Pathological Q wave

Question 20

SI prefixes

Answer 20

• P peta 10^15
• T tera 10^12
• G giga 10^9
• M mega 10^6
• k kilo 10^3
• m milli 10^–3
• µ micro 10^–6
• n nano 10^–9
• p pico 10^–12
• f femto 10^–15

Question 21

Bleeding time

Answer 21

4-6 min

Question 22

Prothrombin time (PT, INR)

Answer 22

0.8–1.2

Question 23

aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)

Answer 23

35-45 s

Question 24

Thrombin time

Answer 24

20-22 s

Question 25

Fibrinogen

Answer 25

1.5–4.0 g/l

Question 26

Plasma sodium

Answer 26

135–145 mmol/l

Question 27

Plasma potassium

Answer 27

3.5–5.0 mmol/l

Question 28

Plasma calcium

Answer 28

2.2–2.6 mmol/l

Question 29

Plasma chloride

Answer 29

95–105 mmol/l

Question 30

Plasma iron

Answer 30

- Female: 11–30 µmol/l | - Male: 12–36 µmol/l

Question 31

TIBC (total iron binding capacity)

Answer 31

- Female: 45–70 µmol/l | - Male: 50–80 µmol/l

Question 32

Plasma bilirubin total and direct reacting

Answer 32

- Total < 17 µmol/l | - Direct reacting < 5 µmol/l

Question 33

Plasma glucose (fasting)

Answer 33

3.0–6.0 mmol/l

Question 34

Plasma uric acid

Answer 34

150–400 µmol/l

Question 35

Plasma carbamid

Answer 35

3.5–7.0 mmol/l

Question 36

Plasma creatinin

Answer 36

40–130 µmol/l

Question 37

Plasma cholesterol (total)

Answer 37

3.6–5.2 mmol/l

Question 38

Plasma HDL ­cholesterol

Answer 38

1.0–1.6 mmol/l

Question 39

Plasma triglycerides

Answer 39

0.8–2.3 mmol/l

Question 40

Total protein in plasma

Answer 40

60–80 g/l

Question 41

Plasma albumin

Answer 41

35–50 g/l

Question 42

A/G (albumin/globulin quotient) in plasma

Answer 42

1.25–2.5

Question 43

Plasma CRP (C­reactive protein)

Answer 43

1–8 mg/l

Question 44

Alpha-­amilase activity

Answer 44

< 180 U/l

Question 45

ALAT (alanin­aminotransferase, GPT) activity

Answer 45

< 45 U/l

Question 46

ASAT (aspartate­aminotransferase, GOT) activity

Answer 46

< 45 U/l

Question 47

ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity

Answer 47

< 150 U/l

Question 48

CK (creatinkinase) activity

Answer 48

< 200 U/l

Question 49

GGT (gamma­glutamyl­transpeptidase) activity

Answer 49

< 60 U/l

Question 50

LDH (lactatedehydrogenase) activity

Answer 50

< 160 U/l

Question 51

pH

Answer 51

7.35–7.45

Question 52

pCO2

Answer 52

35–45 mmHg

Question 53

Standard bicarbonate (st HCO–3)

Answer 53

21–26 mmol/l

Question 54

BE (base excess)

Answer 54

0±3 mmol/l

Question 55

pO2

Answer 55

80–105 mmHg

Question 56

O2 Sat

Answer 56

95–98 %

Question 57

Creatinine ­clearance (for 1.73 m2 body surface)

Answer 57

120–125 ml/min

Question 58

Urine volume and pH

Answer 58

- 1000–1500 ml/24 h | - pH 4.5–8.0

Question 59

“Specific gravity” (density)

Answer 59

1.010–1.035 kg/l

Question 60

Osmolar concentration

Answer 60

600–1200 mosm/kg

Question 61

Urinary sediment (per field)

Answer 61

<1–3 RBC, <3–5 WBC

Question 62

Usual chart speed

Answer 62

25 mm/s | 1 mm ~ 0,04s

Question 63

AV conduction time (PR interval)

Answer 63

0.12–0.2 s

Question 64

Width of the QRS complex

Answer 64

0.06–0.1 s

Question 65

Pathological Q wave

Answer 65

- Width ≥ 0.04 s - Amplitude: > 0.4 mV or - > 25% of the R amplitude