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BMSc anatomy > Regional gross anatomy > Flashcards

Regional gross anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is lymph

A

fluid lost from the capillary bed that collects in tissues

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2
Q

where does lymph from the lower limbs and pelvis drain into?

A

lumbar trunks

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3
Q

where do lumbar trunks join w/ the end of the thoracic duct?

A

at a swelling called the cistern chyli

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4
Q

lymph from the intestinal tact drains into where via the intestinal trunk?

A

the cisterna chyli

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5
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

bone marrow
thymus

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6
Q

what are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

spleen
tonsils
lymph nodes
peyers patches

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7
Q

where does the thoracic duct pass through?

A

the posterior mediastinum of the thorax

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8
Q

what is the right lymphatic duct formed from?

A

the right jugular and right subclavian trunks

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9
Q

where is the thoracic duct found?

A

on the left side, between the aorta and the azygous vein

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10
Q

which nodes drain the abdominal parts of the digestive tract?

A

pre aortic nodes at T12

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11
Q

what is each spinal nerve composed of?

A

anterior roots and posterior roots that unite to form one spinal nerve

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12
Q

what do somatic nerves carry?

A

motor fibres TO muscle
sensory fibres FROM skin

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13
Q

what do spinal nerves divide into?

A

dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

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14
Q

what do dorsal rami supply?

A

posterior body wall

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15
Q

what do ventral rami supply?

A

anterolateral body wall and limbs

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16
Q

what are the 4 cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic fibres?

A

cranial nerve 3 - oculomotor nerve
cranial nerve 7 - facial nerve
cranial nerve 9 - glossopharyngeal nerve
cranial nerve 10 - vagus nerve

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17
Q

what is sacral outflow?

A

parasympathetics that exit from the spinal cord

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18
Q

what are the nerve roots of parasympathetic sacral outflow?

A

S2,3,4

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19
Q

where are the nerve roots involved in the parasympathetic sacral outflow from?

A

the pelvic splanchnic nerves

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20
Q

where do cell bodies of the sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

between T1 and L1/2

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21
Q

where do ribs articulate anteriorly?

A

w/ the sternum

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22
Q

where do ribs articulate posteriorly?

A

w/ the thoracic vertebrae

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23
Q

how is the vertebral body connected w/ the posterior vertebral arch?

A

via the pedicles

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24
Q

what are the typical ribs?

A

3-9

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25
Q

what are the 4 features of a typical rib?

A

head
neck
tubercle
body

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26
Q

where does the head of typical ribs articulate?

A

w/ the body of its own vertebra (inferior facet) and of the vertebra above (superior facet) and w/ the intervertebral disc (via the crest)

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27
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the sternum?

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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28
Q

what is the joint between the xiphhoid process and the body of the sternum called?

A

xiphisternal joint

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29
Q

what kind of joint is found between vertebral bodies?

A

secondary cartilaginous

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30
Q

what kind of joint is found between articular facets?

A

synovial plane joints

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31
Q

what are the sternocostal joints?

A

the joints between the sternum and the costal cartilage of the ribs

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32
Q

what are the costovertebral joints?

A

the joints between the vertebrae and the ribs

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33
Q

what is the primary muscle of inspiration at rest?

A

the diaphragm

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34
Q

what are the 2 secondary muscles of respiration?

A

scalene muscles
serrates posterior muscles of the back

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35
Q

pectorals major is innervated by which 2 nerves?

A

medial and lateral pectoral nerves

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36
Q

pectoralis minor is innervated by which nerve?

A

medial pectoral nerve

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37
Q

what is the innervation of external oblique and rectus abdominus?

A

anterior rami of T7-T12

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38
Q

what is the innervation of serratus anterior?

A

long thoracic nerve

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39
Q

what are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?

A

external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal

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40
Q

which muscles usually span 1 or 2 intercostal spaces?

A

subcostal muscles

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41
Q

where in the intercostal space does the nerovascular plane sit?

A

between internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscles

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42
Q

what is the function of the intercostal nerve?

A

supply the musculature of that intercostal space

but also gives off lateral and anterior branches which pierce through the muscle layers to provide sensory innervation to the skin

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43
Q

where do the posterior intercostal arteries branch from?

A

usually directly from the aorta

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44
Q

what is the arterial supply of the intercostal spaces 3-11?

A

posterior intercostal arteries which branch directly off the aorta

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45
Q

what is the arterial supply of the first 2 intercostal spaces?

A

branches off the subclavian artery (costocervical trunk which then gives off the supreme intercostal artery)

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45
Q

what is the arterial supply of the first 2 intercostal spaces?

A

branches off the subclavian artery (costocervical trunk which then gives off the supreme intercostal artery)

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46
Q

which intercostal spaces have an anterior intercostal artery?

A

ribs 1-9

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47
Q

where do anterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

the internal thoracic artery (either direct or indirect branches of it)

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48
Q

where does the internal thoracic artery arise from?

A

the subclavian artery

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49
Q

where does the internal thoracic artery arise from?

A

the subclavian artery

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49
Q

where does the internal thoracic artery arise from?

A

the subclavian artery

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50
Q

where do anterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

the internal thoracic vein

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51
Q

where do posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

azygous vein on the R
hemiazygous vein on the L

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52
Q

what is the function of suspensory ligaments of the breast?

A

anchor the breast to the dermis and provide support

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53
Q

what is the arterial supply to the breast?

A

medial and lateral mammary arteries

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54
Q

where does the lateral mammary artery arise from?

A

the lateral thoracic artery which arises from the axillary artery

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55
Q

where does the medial mammary artery arise from?

A

the internal thoracic artery

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56
Q

what is the venous drainage of the breast?

A

via medial and lateral mammary veins

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57
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

75% of lymph towards axillary nodes
25% to parasternal and axillary nodes

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58
Q

describe the pleura of the lungs

A

parietal pleura covering the pulmonary cavities

visceral pleura covering the surface of the lung

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59
Q

what is the pulmonary ligament?

A

expansion of pleura that hangs down below the structures of the lung hilum

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60
Q

how many lobes does the R lung have and what are they?

A

3 lobes:

  • superior lobe
  • inferior lobe
  • middle lobe
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61
Q

in the R lung what separates the superior and middle lobe?

A

horizontal / transverse fissure

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62
Q

how many lobes does the L lung have and what are they?

A

2 lobes:

  • superior lobe
  • inferior lobe
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63
Q

in the L lobe what separates the superior and inferior lobes?

A

the oblique fissure

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64
Q

what are the lymph nodes w/in the tissue of the lungs?

A

pulmonary nodes

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65
Q

what are the lymph nodes at the hilum?

A

hilar nodes aka bronchopulmonary

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66
Q

what are the lymph nodes at the bifurcation of the bronchus?

A

superior and inferior tracheobroncial nodes

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67
Q

what is the relationship between the phrenic nerves and the pericardium?

A

the phrenic nerves become assoc w/ the pericardium as they head down toward the diaphragm

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68
Q

explain the layers of pericardium

A

the fibrous pericardium is a tough connective tissue sac on the outside that blends w/ the tunica adventitia of the great vessels as they enter and leave the heart

the parietal serous pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium (pericardial sac)

the parietal serous pericardium is reflected over the surface of the heart to form the serous visceral pericardium

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69
Q

what separates the R atrium from the R ventricle?

A

the atrioventricular groove / coronary groove

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70
Q

what are the 2 pericardial sinuses and what do they arise as a result of?

A

transverse pericardial sinus
oblique pericardial sinus

arise from the arrangement of the serous pericardium

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71
Q

what lies w/in the atrioventricular groove?

A

the R coronary artery

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72
Q

what separate the R and L ventricles?

A

the inter-ventricular groove

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73
Q

what lies w/in the interventricualr groove?

A

the anterior inter-ventricular artery (aka the left anterior descending artery - LAD)

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74
Q

what are the 3 branches of the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic trunk
L common carotid artery
L subclavian

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75
Q

which 2 veins unite to form the superior vena cava?

A

the L and R brachiocephalic veins

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76
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

a fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosis

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77
Q

what are the 4 branches of the R coronary artery?

A

SA nodal branch
marginal branch
posterior interventricualr artery
AV nodal branch

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78
Q

what are the 2 branches of the L coronary artery?

A

circumflex artery
anterior interventricualr artery (aka left anterior descending - LAD)

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79
Q

describe the venous drainage of the heart

A

cardiac veins which drain into the coronary sinus which return blood to the R atrium

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80
Q

which veins are the exception to draining into the coronary sinus and where do they drain instead?

A

anterior cardiac veins

empty directly into the R atrium

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81
Q

which veins are the exception to draining into the coronary sinus and where do they drain instead?

A

anterior cardiac veins

empty directly into the R atrium

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82
Q

what is the main contributor to the coronary sinus?

A

the great cardiac vein

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83
Q

describe the internal wall of the right atrium

A

areas w/ muscular ridges - pectinate muscles

smooth area - sinus venarum

ridge that separates pectinate muscles and sinus venarum - crista termainlis

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84
Q

what is the fossa ovals?

A

an impression on the interatrial wall (between the L and R atria)

remnant from foramen ovale

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85
Q

which valve does blood through when it goes from R atrium to R ventricle?

A

tricuspid

remember the R lung has 3 lobes and the valve on the RHS has 3 cusps (tricuspid)

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86
Q

what are chordae tendineae?

A

thin strings at the tricuspid valve that anchor the valve to papillary muscles

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87
Q

where is the moderator band found?

A

in the R ventricle

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88
Q

what is the function of the moderator band?

A

it carries part of the conduction system of the heart

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89
Q

what are the muscular ridges found in the ventricular wall?

A

trabeculae carneae

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90
Q

what are the features of the internal wall of the L atrium?

A

the internal wall of the L atrium is smooth and featureless

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91
Q

what is the L auricle?

A

an expansion of the L atrium

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92
Q

what are the muscular ridges in L auricle called?

A

musclae pectinati

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93
Q

which valve does blood flow through when it flows from the L atrium to the L ventricle?

A

the bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

remember the L lung has 2 lobes and the valve on the LHS has 2 cusps - bicuspid

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94
Q

what are the 2 types of heart valves?

A

semilunar valves
cuspid valves

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95
Q

where are the semilunar valves found?

A

pulmonary trunk
base of the aorta

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96
Q

where are the cuspid valves found?

A

between the atria and the ventricles (on both L and R side)

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97
Q

what happens to cuspid valves when there is high ventricular pressure?

A

the valves will close

as blood flows from the atria to the ventricles (through the cuspid valves which are open at this low pressure state), the ventricular pressure increases as the ventricles fill and this increased ventricular pressure will shut the cuspid valves

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98
Q

what happens to semilunar valves when there is high pressure?

A

the valves open

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99
Q

where is the SA node found?

A

in the wall of the R atrium (upper part of the crista terminalis)

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100
Q

where is the AV node found?

A

in the lower part of the interatrial septum

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101
Q

what is the parasympathetic supply to the heart and what does it do?

A

parasympathetic supply via the vagus nerve

acts to slow the HR and constrict coronary vessels

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102
Q

what is the sympathetic supply to the heart and what does it do?

A

sympathetic supply from T1-T5/6 and travels in the sympathetic chain

acts to increase the HR and dilate coronary vessels

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103
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

R common carotid
R subclavian

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104
Q

what are the L and R recurrent laryngeal nerves a branch of?

A

L and R vagus nerves

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105
Q

describe the path of the R recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

it arises as a branch and loops under the subclavian artery to travel back towards the larynx

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106
Q

describe the path of the L recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

it arises as a branch and loops under the aorta

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107
Q

the anterior vagal trunk is comprised mainly of nerve fibres from which vagal nerve?

A

L vagus nerve

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108
Q

the posterior vagal trunk is comprised mainly of nerve fibres from which vagal nerve?

A

R vagus nerve

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109
Q

the phrenic nerves carry fibres from the anterior rami of which spinal levels?

A

C3, 4, 5

remember the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive

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110
Q

where does the trachea begin?

A

C6/7 (below the larynx)

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111
Q

where does the trachea end and what does it become?

A

ends by dividing into R and L main bronchi at the carina

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112
Q

at what level does the trachea divide into R and L main bronchi?

A

T4/5

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113
Q

where does the oesophagus lie in relation to the trachea?

A

directly posterior

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114
Q

where does the oesophagus begin and what is it a continuation of?

A

begins at the level of C6

as a continuation of the pharynx

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115
Q

where are the 3 constrictions of the aorta?

A

at:
- arch of the aorta
- left bronchus
- diaphragm

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116
Q

where does the thoracic aorta become the abdo aorta?

A

when it passes through the aortic hiatus

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117
Q

what is the system that drains the thoracic wall?

A

azygous venous system

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118
Q

explain the venous drainage of the R side of the thoracic wall

A

the R side drains directly into intercostal veins which drain directly into the azygous vein

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119
Q

what is the exception to the R side of the thoracic wall draining into the azygous vein?

A

the first intercostal vein on the RHS will drain directly into the R brachiocephalic vein

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120
Q

where do intercostal veins 1-4 drain into on the LHS?

A

L brachiocephalic vein

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121
Q

where do intercostal veins 5-8 drain into on the LHS?

A

accessory hemiazygous vein

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122
Q

where do intercostal veins 9-11 drain into on the LHS?

A

hemiazygous vein

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123
Q

where do the hemiazygous and the accessory hemiazygous veins drain into?

A

they both drain into the azygous vein which then drains into the SVC

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124
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?

A
  • lower limbs
  • pelvis
  • abdo
  • L side of the thoracic cavity
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125
Q

where does the thoracic duct empty into the venous system?

A

at the L venous angle

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126
Q

what is the L venous angle?

A

junction of the L internal jugular vein and the L subclavian vein

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127
Q

where is the thoracic duct found?

A

between the aorta and the azygous vien

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128
Q

what is the sympathetic chain?

A

a chain of sympathetic ganglia extending the length of the vertebral column on either side

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129
Q

sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord occurs at which levels?

A

T1-L2/3

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130
Q

where do splanchnic nerves arise from?

A

the sympathetic chain

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131
Q

what are the 3 splanchnic nerves?

A

greater splanchnic nerve
lesser splanchnic nerve
least splanchnic nerve

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132
Q

what are the ganglia assoc w/ the greater splanchnic nerve?

A

T5-9

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133
Q

what are the ganglia assoc w/ the lesser splanchnic nerve?

A

T10 and 11

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134
Q

what is the ganglia assoc w/ the least splanchnic nerve?

A

T12

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135
Q

what is the function of the splanchnic nerves?

A

supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdo viscera

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136
Q

what is the caval opening?

A

an opening in the diaphragm that allows the passage of the IVC

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137
Q

what level does the IVC pass through the caval opening of the diaphragm?

A

T8

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138
Q

what is the oesophageal hiatus?

A

an opening in the diaphragm that allows the passage of the oesophagus and assoc vagus nerves

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139
Q

what level does the oesophagus (and vagus nerves) pass through the oesophageal hiatus?

A

T10

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140
Q

what is the aortic hiatus?

A

an opening in the diaphragm that allows the passage of:
- aorta
- thoracic duct
- azygous vien

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141
Q

what level do the aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein pass through the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

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142
Q

where does the fascia of the anterolateral abdo wall change structure?

A

below the umbillicus

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143
Q

what is campers fascia?

A

a continuation of the superficial fascia layer across the abdo wall

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144
Q

what does campers facia continue to in males?

A

dartos fascia of the scrotum

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145
Q

what does campers facia continue to in males?

A

dartos fascia of the scrotum

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146
Q

what does campers fascia contribute to in females?

A

the facia of the labia major

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147
Q

what is scraps fascia?

A

the thin fascial layer deep to campers fascia

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148
Q

what is the inguinal ligament formed from?

A

aponeurosis external oblique

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149
Q

where does the inguinal ligament pass between?

A

ASIS and pubic tubercle

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150
Q

what is the innervation of the external oblique?

A

anterior rami of T7-T12

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151
Q

what is the innervation of the internal oblique?

A

anterior rami of T7-L1

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152
Q

what is the innervation of transversus adominus?

A

anterior rami of T7-L1

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153
Q

which muscle of the abdo wall does not form an aponeurosis?

A

rectus abdominus

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154
Q

what is the innervation of recuts abdomens?

A

anterior rami of T7-T12

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155
Q

what is the arcuate line?

A

the transition point between the strong aponeurosis and the delicate transversals fascia

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156
Q

which abdominal muscle contributes to both walls of the rectus sheath?

A

internal oblique

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157
Q

what is the venous drainage of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

veins drain towards the axilla or femoral vein

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158
Q

where do the arteries that supply the anterolateral abdominal wall arise from?

A

femoral artery or internal thoracic artery

159
Q

which nerves supply the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

anterior and lateral branches of the intercostal nerves

160
Q

What is the arterial supply to the upper part of recuts abdominus?

A

Superior epigastric artery

161
Q

Which artery is the superior epigastric artery a terminal branch of?

A

The internal thoracic artery

162
Q

What is the arterial supply to the lower part of rectus adbominus?

A

Inferior epigastric artery

163
Q

What artery is inferior epigastric a branch of?

A

External iliac artery

164
Q

What are the nerve roots of the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve?

A

L1

165
Q

Which 2 nerves supply the pubic region and medial thigh with sensory innervation?

A

Ilioinguinal
Iliohypogastric

166
Q

where is the superficial drainage of the anterolateral abdo wall above the umbilicus to?

A

nodes in the axilla

167
Q

where is the superficial drainage of the anterolateral abdo wall below the umbilicus to?

A

the inguinal region

168
Q

what is the main nerve supply to the anterolateral abdo wall?

A

intercostal nerves

169
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

an outpouching of skin of the abdo wall

170
Q

in females what does the inguinal canal carry?

A

the round ligament

171
Q

what allows the testes to descend from the abdo cavity towards the perineum?

A

the inguinal canal

172
Q

which nerve is found in the inguinal canal?

A

ilioinguinal nerve

173
Q

what is the superficial ring?

A

a triangular shaped defect in the aponeurosis of the external oblique

174
Q

what is the deep inguinal ring?

A

an opening in the transversalis fascia

175
Q

in males what are the structures that pass through the deep inguinal ring?

A

the contents of the spermatic cord:
- vas deferens
- testicular artery and veins
- genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

176
Q

in females what are the structures that pass through the deep inguinal ring?

A
  • round ligament
  • genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
177
Q

the contents of the spermatic cord are surrounded by how many layers of fascia and where do they come from?

A

3 layers of fascia

from the anterior abdo wall

178
Q

which muscle does not contribute to the fascia surrounding the spermatic cord?

A

transversus abdominus

179
Q

what are the contents of the speramtic cord?

A
  • vas deferens
  • testicular artery and vein
  • lymphatics
  • autonomic nerves
  • artery to the vas deferens
  • genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
180
Q

What is the na,e of the

A
181
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle fibres in campers fascia in the scrotum?

A

Dartos

182
Q

What is the name of scarpas fascia in the perineal region?

A

Colles fascia

183
Q

What isbthrbmusclenlayer

A
184
Q

What is the muscle layer that continues from the spermatic cord that acts to move the scrotum up and down called?

A

Cremaster muscle

185
Q

Explain the pathway of sperm production to ejaculation

A
  • Sperm produced in the testes
  • Developing sperm pass into epididymis to mature
  • Mature sperm leave the testes via vas defrens
  • vas deferens then pass through spermatic cord and into pelvic cavity where it joins w seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct
186
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

187
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the testes

A

To nodes near the root of the testicular artery (either side of abdo aorta)

188
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

A double lining of peritoneum

189
Q

Why can the parietal peritoneum localise pain in the same way as the body wall?

A

Because it is supplied by somatic nerves

190
Q

Explain perception of pain from the visceral peritoneum

A

The visceral peritoneum shares autonomic fibres w the organs it covered and therefore is sensitive to stretch and will refer pain to the body wall

191
Q

What is the definition of intraperitoneal structures?

A

Completely covered by mesentery except at the point of attachment

192
Q

What is the definition of extra peritoneal structures?

A

Either never related to peritoneum or lost relationship to peritoneum during development

193
Q

What is the definition of retroperitoneal structures?

A

Partially covered by peritoneum and held against the body wall

194
Q

Explain the arrangement of peritoneum in the abdo cavity

A

Arranged into 2 scs
- greater sac
- lesser sac

195
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A layer of peritoneum that comes from the threaten curvature of the stomach and overhangs the transverse colon

196
Q

Where is the greater omentum usually found?

A

Overlying areas where there are problems w the intestine

197
Q

How many layers is the greater omentum?

A

4

198
Q

The greater omentum carries which vessels and where do these supply?

A

The L and R gastro omental vessels

Supply the lesser curvature of the stomach and the greater momentum

199
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

A double fold of peritoneum

200
Q

Where is the lesser omentum found?

A

Between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach

201
Q

What is the mesentery and what does it enclose?

A

Double layer of peritoneum

Encloses the jejunum, ileum, branches of the superior mesenteric artery and vein

202
Q

Arterial supply to the foregut is derived from where?

A

The coeliac axis

203
Q

Where does all blood from the foregut drain?

A

Into the hepatic portal vein

204
Q

Where does lymph from the foregut drain to?

A

Para aortic nodes at T12 (coeliac nodes)

205
Q

What are the folds on the internal surface of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

206
Q

Where are the 2 fix points for the stomach?

A
  • where the fundus meets the diaphragm (5th-6th rib on L)
  • where the pyloric valve meets the duodenum (8th rib)
207
Q

What is the arterial supply to the stomach and why?

A

Branches of the coeliac axis

Because the stomach is part of the foregut

208
Q

What is the coeliac axis a branch of and where does it branch?

A

Anterior branch of the abdo aorta

Branches at T12

209
Q

What are the 3 branches of the coeliac axis?

A

L gastric
Splenic
Common hepatic

210
Q

Where does the R gastric artery branch from?

A

The hepatic artery

211
Q

Where does blood from the stomach drain into?

A

The hepatic portal system

212
Q

Where do the L and R gastric veins drain and where do they drain into?

A

Drain the lesser curvature

Drain directly into hepatic portal vein

213
Q

Where does the L gastro omental (gastro epiploic) veins drain and where does it drain into?

A

Drains the greater curvature

Drain into the splenic vein which then drains into the hepatic portal vein

214
Q

Where do the short gastric veins drain and where do they drain into?

A

Drain the fundus of the stomach

Drain into the splenic vein which then drains into the hepatic portal vein

215
Q

where does the R gastro mental (gastro epiplpic) vein drain and where does it drain into?

A

drains the greater curvature

drains into superior mesenteric vein which then drains into the hepatic portal vein

216
Q

which 2 veins untie to form the portal vein?

A

splenic and superior mesenteric vein

217
Q

where does lymph from the stomach drain into?

A

pre aortic nodes at T12 (coeliac axis)

218
Q

where is sympathetic innervation to the stomach derived from?

A

from the greater splanchnic nerves derived from the sympathetic chain in the thorax

219
Q

where is parasympathetic innervation to the stomach derived from?

A

anterior and posterior vagal trunks

220
Q

what are the folds found on the inner surface of the duodenum called?

A

plicae circulares

221
Q

what controls the release of bile from the duodenum into the duodenum?

A

the sphincter of odi

222
Q

where is bile made?

A

in the liver

223
Q

where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

in the gall bladder

224
Q

explain the dual blood supply of the duodenum

A

the duodenum lies at the junction of the foregut and the midgut and therefore receives blood from the coeliac axis and superior mesenteric vessels

225
Q

what is the proximal part of the duodenum supplied by?

A

the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (coeliac axis)

226
Q

what is the distal part of the duodenum supplied by?

A

the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (superior mesenteric artery)

227
Q

what is the venous drainage of the superior duodenum?

A

directly into the hepatic portal vein

228
Q

what is the venous drainage of the inferior duodenum?

A

superior mesenteric vein

229
Q

which nerves supply sympathetic innervation to the duodenum?

A

splanchnic nerves

230
Q

which nerves supply parasympathetic innervation to the duodenum?

A

vagus nerves

231
Q

explain the dual lymphatic drainage of the duodenum?

A

because the duodenum has a dual arterial supply it can send lymph to the coeliac axis (at T12) and to the superior mesenteric artery (at T11)

232
Q

what is the ligamemtum teres?

A

a fibrous remnant of the umbilical vein

233
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

L lobe
R lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe

234
Q

what is the bare area of the liver?

A

the area of the liver that is not covered by peritoneum,

235
Q

what is the hilum of the liver called?

A

the porta hepatis

236
Q

which structure carries the hepatic artery and the portal vein to the portal hepatis?

A

the lesser omentum

237
Q

what is the name of the liver?ligament that lies between the R and L lobes of the

A

the falciform ligament

238
Q

which vessel delivers the majority of the blood to the liver?

A

the portal vein

239
Q

what are the properties of the majority of the blood that is delivered to the liver?

A

low in O2
rich in nutrients

240
Q

where does the lymph from the liver drain to?

A

nodes at the coeliac axis at T12

241
Q

where are the autonomic nerves that supply the liver from?

A

the coeliac axis

242
Q

what is the consequence of the sphincter of odi usually being closed?

A

bile backs up into the biliary tree, through the cystic duct and into er the gall bladder

243
Q

what is the function of the rugae and microvilli on the internal surface the gall bladder/

A

increase the surface area to allow more water absorption in the concentration of bile

244
Q

where does the main duct draining the exocrine secretions from the pancreas open and where does this open into?

A

opens at the ampulla of vater

into the second part of the duodenum

245
Q

explain the dual blood supply of the pancreas

A
  • dorsal pancreatic artery (branch from splenic artery)
  • superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch from
245
Q

explain the dual blood supply of the pancreas

A
  • dorsal pancreatic artery (branch from splenic artery)
  • superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch from gasproduodenal artery) and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch from superior mesenteric artery)
246
Q

explain the venous drainage of the pancreas

A

blood drains to either the splenic vein to the superior mesenteric vein which both then drain into the portal vein

247
Q

where does lymph from the pancreas drain to?

A

coeliac nodes at T12

248
Q

where is the autonomic innervation to the pancreas from?

A

coeliac plexus and superior mesenteric plexus

249
Q

the gastro splenic ligament of the spleen carry which vessels?

A

short gastric

gastro epiploic

250
Q

the lienorenal ligament of the spleen carry which vessels?

A

splenic artery and vein

251
Q

autonomic nerves that supply the spleen are derived from where?

A

the coeliac plexus

252
Q

the midgut is composed of which 2 structures?

A

small intestine
large intestine

253
Q

where does the midgut receive blood from?

A

branches of the superior mesenteric artery

254
Q

where does the midgut span from / to ?

A

from the distal 2/3rds of the duodenum to the transverse colon

255
Q

where does the jejunum lie?

A

at the junction of the foregut and the midgut

256
Q

which 2 branches of the superior mesenteric artery supply most of the small intestine?

A

the jejunal and ileal

257
Q

the distal part of y?the ileum is supplied by which artery of the superior mesenteric

A

iliocolic

258
Q

blood from the small intestine drains to the superior mesenteric vein via which 3 veins?

A

jejunal
ileal
iliocolic

259
Q

autonomic supply to the small intestine is from where?

A

the superior mesenteric plexus

260
Q

what is the function of the mesentery?

A

attach the jejunum and ileum to body wall

also allows passage of vessels

261
Q

what are the 3 features of the large intestine?

A

haustra
teniae coli
appendices epiploicae

262
Q

what are haustra?

A

sacculations of the wall

263
Q

what are teniae coli?

A

longitudinal muscle collected into 3 bands

264
Q

what are appendices epiploicae?

A

fatty tags

265
Q

where does the caecum lie?

A

at the base of the ascending colon

266
Q

where does the ileum open into the caecum?

A

at the ileocaecal valve

266
Q

where does the ileum open into the caecum?

A

at the ileocaecal valve

266
Q

where does the ileum open into the caecum?

A

at the ileocaecal valve

267
Q

where does the caecum get its blood supply from?

A

the ileocaecal artery

268
Q

which artery supplies the appendix and where does it run?

A

appendicular artery

runs in the mesoappendix

268
Q

what is the ascending colon a continuation of?

A

the caecum

269
Q

which 2 vessels supply the ascending colon and what are they branches of?

A

ileocolic artery
right colic artery

from the superior mesenteric artery

270
Q

where does the transverse colon hang from?

A

the transverse mesocolon

271
Q

what is the junction between the midgut and the hindgut?

A

the transverse colon

272
Q

what is the arterial supply to the transverse colon and why?

A

branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric artery

because it is the junction of the midgut and the handout

273
Q

what is the venous drainage of the transverse colon?

A

to the superior and inferior mesenteric vein

274
Q

the dual lymphatic drainage of the transverse colon is to where?

A

L1 and L3

275
Q

explain the dual supply of parasympathetic innervation to the transverse colon

A

proximal 2/3rds - vagus nerve (midgut region)
distal 1/3rd - pelvic splanchnic nerves (hindgut region)

276
Q

where does the transverse colon pass from / to?

A

from the distal third of the transverse colon to the anal canal

277
Q

which artery supplies the hindgut?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

278
Q

the inferior mesenteric artery is the final branch of the abdo aorta, at what vertebral level does it branch off?

A

L3

279
Q

where does the descending colon become the sigmoid colon?

A

at the pelvic brim

280
Q

what is the arterial supply of the descending colon?

A

L colic and sigmoidal branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

281
Q

what is the venous drainage of the descending colon?

A

inferior mesenteric vein

282
Q

what is the arterial supply to the sigmoid colon?

A

sigmoidal branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

283
Q

what is the venous drainage of the sigmoid colon?

A

sigmoidal vein which drains to the inferior mesenteric vein

284
Q

where is the autonomic supply to the sigmoid colon derived from?

A

the hypogastric plexus in the pelvis

285
Q

explain the dual arterial supply to the rectum

A

from the abdo: superior rectal artery

from the pelvis: inferior and middle rectal arteries

286
Q

what artery is the superior rectal artery a branch of?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

287
Q

what artery is the middle rectal artery a branch of?

A

direct branch of internal iliac artery

288
Q

what artery is the inferior rectal artery a branch of?

A

internal pudendal artery

289
Q

explain the venous drainage of the rectum

A

forms a portal systemic anastamosis

superior parts drain into the portal system
distal parts drain into the systemic system (internal pudendal and internal iliac veins)

290
Q

explain the lymphatic drainage of the rectum

A

split so superior parts drain to pre aortic nodes at L3 and distal parts drain to internal iliac nodes in the pelvis

291
Q

what is a primary retroperitoneal structure?

A

formed on the body wall during development and maintained the relationship w/ the body wall

292
Q

what is a secondary retroperitoneal structure?

A

develop outw/ the peritoneum but are covered by peritoneum in adult life

293
Q

the hilum of each kidney lies at what vertebral level?

A

L1

294
Q

what are the 3 structures found at the hilum of the kidney?

A

renal artery
renal vein
renal pelvis (becomes the ureter)

295
Q

what structure is most posterior at the renal hilum?

A

the renal pelvis / ureter

296
Q

which structure entering the kidney commonly has anatomical variation?

A

the renal artery - there can often be another renal artery outw/ the renal hilum

297
Q

explain the pathway of urine

A

calyces collect the urine and drain it towards the renal pelvis which becomes the ureter to carry urine to the bladder

298
Q

where do the renal arteries originate from?

A

they are lateral branches of the abdo aorta t L1

299
Q

explain the division of the renal arteries

A

each renal artery divides into anterior and posterior branches and then smaller segmental arteries

300
Q

which renal artery is longer and why?

A

the right renal artery is longer than the L because they come off the abdo aorta which lies to the L and so the R renal artery has further to travel to reach the R kidney

301
Q

which renal artery is longer and why?

A

the right renal artery is longer than the L because they come off the abdo aorta which lies to the L and so the R renal artery has further to travel to reach the R kidney

302
Q

where do the renal veins drain into?

A

the IVC

303
Q

which 2 veins drain into the L renal vein?

A

the L gonadal and L adrenal veins

304
Q

where does the R gonadal vein drain into?

A

directly into the IVC

305
Q

the ureters descend the posterior abdo wall on the surface of which muscle?

A

psoas

306
Q

which area of the bladder to the ureters enter?

A

trigone area

307
Q

what are the 3 points of ureteric constriction?

A
  • the junction of the ureters and the renal pelvis
  • when the ureters cross the pelvic brim
  • as the ureters enter the wall of the bladder
308
Q

what are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery in order?

A

left colic
sigmoidal branches
superior rectal (continuation of IMA)

309
Q

at what level does the IMA arise from the aorta?

A

L3

310
Q

at what level does the aorta bifurcate and what does it bifurcate into?

A

L4/5

bifurcates into the common iliacs

311
Q

what does the left colic artery supply?

A

the distal third of the transverse colon and the descending colon

312
Q

what do the sigmoidal branches supply?

A

the descending colon and the sigmoid colon

313
Q

what are the 3 arteries that supply the rectum?

A

superior rectal artery (IMA)
middle rectal artery (internal iliac)
inferior rectal artery (internal pudendal)

314
Q

what are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
middle colic artery
right colic artery
ileocolic artery
jejunal and ileal branches

315
Q

where do all rotator cuff muscles insert except subscapularis?

A

greater tubercle

316
Q

where does subscapularis insert?

A

lesser tubercle

317
Q

where does the clavicle pass between?

A

the sternum and the scapula

318
Q

what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

synovial ball and socket joint

319
Q

what surrounds the glenohumeral joint?

A

a capsule

320
Q

which artery supplies the shoulder joint?

A

subclavian artery

321
Q

where do the left and right subclavian arteries branch off?

A

R is a branch from brachiocephalic trunk

L is a direct branch of the aortic arch

322
Q

where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

as it emerges from bemneath the clavicle and runs over the surface of the first rib

323
Q

what is the arterial supply to the scapula and the proximal humerus?

A

branches from the thyrocervical trunk and axillary artery

324
Q

what is the arterial supply to the scapula and the proximal humerus?

A

branches from the thyrocervical trunk and axillary artery

325
Q

what is the arterial supply to the muscles at the lateral border of theta scapula?

A

the thoracodorsal artery which is from the subscapular artery

326
Q

what are the 2 anatomical spaces in the shoulder region?

A

the quadrangular space
the triangular space / hiatus / interval

327
Q

which nerve runs in the quadrangular space and what does it innervate?

A

the axillary nerve

innervates deltoid and teres minor

328
Q

which artery runs alongside the axillary nerve in the quadrangular space?

A

the posterior circumflex humeral artery

329
Q

which nerve runs in the triangular space and what does it innervate?

A

the radial artery

triceps brachii

330
Q

which artery runs alongside the radial artery in the triangular soace?

A

profunda brachii artery (aka the deep brachial artery)

331
Q

what are the 2 functions of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

flexion of the arm
adduction of the arm

332
Q

what is the innervation of pectorals major?

A

the medial (C8-T1) and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-7)

333
Q

what are the 2 functions of pectorals minor?

A

pull scapula forwards

stabilise the shoulder in movement of the upper limb

334
Q

what is the innervation of pectorals minor?

A

the medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1)

335
Q

what is the function of serratus anterior?

A

protractino of the scapula - move the scapula across the body wall away from the midline

336
Q

wha is the innervation of serratus anterior?

A

long thoracic nerve (C5,6,7)

337
Q

what are the 3 functions of trapezius?

A

depress the scapula
elevate the scapula
retract the scapula

338
Q

what is the motor innervation to the trapezius muscle?

A

CN11 (spinal accessory nerve)

339
Q

wha is the pain innervation to the trapezius?

A

cervical plexus (c3,4)

340
Q

what are the 3 functions of latissimus dorsi?

A

extension
medial rotation of the arm
adductio of the arm

341
Q

what are the 3 functions of latissimus dorsi?

A

extension
medial rotation of the arm
adduction of the arm

342
Q

what is the innervation of latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)

343
Q

what is the function of levator scapulae?

A

raise the scaoula

344
Q

what is the innervation of levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular nere (C3,4,5)

345
Q

what is the function of both rhomboid major and minor?

A

retract the scapula

346
Q

what is the innervation of both rhomboid major and minor?

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C3,4,5)

347
Q

what is the main function of deltoid?

A

abduction of the arm

348
Q

which muscles carry out abduction of the arm?

A

supraspinatus carries out the first 10 degrees

middle fibres of deltoid muscle carry out the remaining 110 degrees

349
Q

all fibres of the deltoid muscle come together at a common insertion point, where is this?

A

deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

350
Q

apart from abduction what are the other 2 functions of deltoid?

A

flex the arm
extend the arm

351
Q

what is the innervation of the deltoid?

A

the axillary nerve (c5,6)

352
Q

what sits in the deltopectoral groove?

A

the cephalic vein

353
Q

the cephalic vein enters the axilla and joins which vein?

A

the axillary vein

354
Q

where does teres major attach to the scapula?

A

inferior to teres minor

355
Q

what is the function of teres major?

A

draw the arm closer to the body

356
Q

what is the innervation of teres major?

A

sub-scapular branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5,6)

357
Q

where does subclavicus lie?

A

between the first rib and under the surface of the clavicle

358
Q

wha is the innervation of subclavicus?

A

nerve to subclavicus (C5,6)

359
Q

what are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

360
Q

is there’s major part of the rotator cuff?

A

no

361
Q

which nerve innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus?

A

suprascapular nerve (C5,6)

362
Q

what is the innervation to teres minor?

A

axillary nerve (C5,6)

363
Q

when does the basilic vein become the axillary vein?

A

when it crosses the inferior margin of teres major

364
Q

when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

when it crosses the lateral border of the first rib

365
Q

what is the name of the branch of the first part of the subclavian artery?

A

superior thoracic artery

366
Q

what are the 2 branches of the second part of the axillary artery?

A

thoracoacromial artery
lateral thoracic artery

367
Q

what are the 3 branches of the third part of the axillary artery?

A

sub-scapular artery
anterior circumflex humeral artery
posterior humeral artery

368
Q

the axillary artery anastsamoses around the scapula with which artery?

A

the subclavian

369
Q

what are the 5 groups of lymph nodes in the axilla?

A

humeral
pectoral
subscapular
central
apical

370
Q

fibres of the brachial plexus originate from which nerve roots?

A

C5-T1

371
Q

what are the nerve roots of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C5 and 6

372
Q

what are the nerve roots of the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C7

373
Q

what are the nerve roots of the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C8-T1

374
Q

which trunks of the brachial plexus do not give rise to nerves?

A

middle and inferior trunks

375
Q

what are the 2 ligaments of the vertebral arch?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament

376
Q

what is the only ligament that limits extension of the vertebral column?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

377
Q

what is the main function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

prevent posterior herniation of the intervertebral disc

378
Q

what are the 3 functions of ligament flavum?

A

help maintain curvatures
limit flexion
reinforce the walls of vertebral canal posteriroly

379
Q

what do interspinous ligaments do?

A

connect adjacent spinous processes

380
Q

above C7 the supraspinous ligament is continuous with what ligament?

A

nuchal ligament

381
Q

wha is the function of the nuchal ligament?

A

limit flexion

382
Q

explain the course of the spinal cord

A

begins at the foramen magum and ends at L1/2

383
Q

what is the medullary cone?

A

the narrowing of the spinal cord at the caudal end

384
Q

what are the 2 enlargements along the spinal cord?

A

cervical enlargement (C-T1)
thoracolumbar enlargement (L1-S3)

385
Q

what is the cauda equina?

A

a collection of spinal nerves below the ending of the spinal cord

386
Q

what is the filum terminale?

A

a remnant of hte caudal part of hte spinal cord comprised of the coverings of the cord (esp Pia mater)

387
Q

what is the epidural space?

A

the space between the dura mater and the bone of the vertebrae

388
Q

wha is the subarachnoid space?

A

the space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater

389
Q

where is CSF found?

A

subarachnoid space

390
Q

what are the 3 arteries that supply the spinal cord?

A

anterior spinal artery
2 posterior spinal arteries

391
Q

what are the smaller arteries that supply the nerve roots called?

A

radicular arteries

392
Q

explain the venous drainage of the spinal cord

A

3 anterior spinal veins
3 posterior spinal veins

393
Q

what are het smaller veins that drain the nerve roots called?

A

radicular veins

BMSc anatomy (8 decks)

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