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BMSc anatomy > regional gross anatomy spot test 3 > Flashcards

regional gross anatomy spot test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 peritoneal pouches in females?

A

vesicouteirne pouch - between the uterus and the bladder

rectouteirne pouch - between the uterus and the rectum (aka pouch of Douglas)

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2
Q

what is the 1 peritoneal pouch in males?

A

vesicorectal pouch - between the rectum and the bladder

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3
Q

describe the inner surface of the bladder

A

folded into rugae which disappear as the bladder fills and the walls stretch

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4
Q

what is the urachus?

A

the connective tissue structure that maintains the relationship between the apex of the bladder and. the pubic bone

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5
Q

which structures enter / exit at the trigone region?

A

the 2 ureters enter the bladder
the urethra exits the bladder

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6
Q

what is the name of the muscular wall of the bladder?

A

the detrusor muscle

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7
Q

explain the sphincter formed by the detrusor muscle

A

the detrusor muscle forms an incomplete sphincter at the neck of the bladder called the sphincter vesicae which is composed of smooth muscle

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8
Q

explain the control of the sphincter vesicae

A

it is under autonomic control not voluntary control

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9
Q

explain the external sphincter of micturation

A

it is in the urogenital diaphragm and is under voluntary control

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10
Q

which 2 arteries supply the bladder?

A

the superior vesical artery
they inferior vesical artery

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11
Q

where doe the superior vesical artery arise from?

A

the umbilical branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery

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12
Q

where does the inferior vesical artery arise from?

A

it is a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery

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13
Q

explain the venous drainage of the bladder

A

venous drainage is to the vesical plexus and then into the internal iliac veins

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14
Q

explain the ANS supply of the bladder

A

the bladder is an internal organ and therefore is supplied by the ANS via the hypogastric plexus

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15
Q

where is the main lymphatic drainage of the bladder and the urethra to?

A

internal iliac nodes

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16
Q

explain the transition from sigmoid colon to rectum

A

the rectum is an extension of the sigmoid colon as it crosses the third fused sacral vertebrae

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17
Q

explain the shape of the rectum

A

the surface of the rectum is in 3 transverse folds and there is a large area called the rectal ampulla between them

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18
Q

which levator ani muscle supports the rectum?

A

puborectalis

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19
Q

how does puborectalis help maintain continence?

A

it is a sling of muscle that passes around the rectum and when it contracts it bends the wall of the rectum and this makes it more difficult to passs faeces from the rectum to the anal canal

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20
Q

explain the 3 rectal arteries that supply the rectum

A

1 superior rectal artery
2 middle rectal arteries (bilateral)
2 inferior rectal arteries (bilateral)

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21
Q

where does the superior rectal artery branch from?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

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22
Q

where do the middle rectal arteries branch from?

A

the internal iliac artery

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23
Q

where do the inferior rectal arteries branch from?

A

the internal pudendal artery

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24
Q

explain how the rectum is a site of portal systemic anastomosis

A

blood from the superior rectum passes to the portal system via the inferior mesenteric vein

blood from the inferior rectum drains into internal iliac vein which is part of systemic system

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25
Q

what is the broad ligament?

A

a fold of peritoneum that covers the uterus and uterine tubes

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26
Q

what is the function of the broad ligament?

A

provide a small degree of support to the uterus

carries the neurovascualr structures of the uterus

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27
Q

what are the 3 areas of the broad ligament?

A

mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium

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28
Q

what is the function of the mesovaarium area of the broad ligament?

A

holds the ovaries to the posterior surface of the broad ligament

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29
Q

what is the function of the mesosalpinx area of the broad ligament?

A

supports the uterine tube

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30
Q

what is the function of the mesometrium area of the broad ligament?

A

the main part of the broad ligament assoc w/ the body of the uterus

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31
Q

explain the dif parts of the uterus

A

fundus - most superior part

main body - the main middle bit

cervix - main body narrows to form the fundus

vagina - the cervix opens into a muscular tube called the vagina

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32
Q

explain the walls of the uterus

A

they are muscular (myometrium) but lined by endometrium that increases and sheds during each menstrual cycle

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33
Q

where is the internal os?

A

superior to the cervix

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34
Q

where is the external os?

A

at the cervix

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35
Q

what are the lateral fornices?

A

the lateral spaces as the cervix bulges into the vagina

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36
Q

what is the arterial supply to the uterus?

A

the uterine arteries

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37
Q

where do the uterine arteries branch from?

A

the anterior division of the internal iliac arteries.

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38
Q

what artery does the uterine artery anastamose w/?

A

the ovarian artery

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39
Q

which 3 structures does the ovarian artery supply?

A

the ovaries
the fundus of the uterus
the uterine tubes

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40
Q

explain the region of the uterine tubes

A

isthmus - narrow section as the uterine tube pierces the wall of the uterus

ampulla - expanded area more laterally than the isthmus

infundibulum - widened end of the ampulla

fimbrae - the most distal part, divided into finger like projections

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41
Q

what is the standard position for the uterus?

A

anteverted and ante flexed

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42
Q

what is the muscle that supports the uterus?

A

pubococcygeus form a sling around the vagina called pubovaginalus

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43
Q

what is the arterial supply to the ovaries?

A

the ovarian artery

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44
Q

at what level does the ovarian artery arise from the abdo aorta?

A

L2

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45
Q

where do the ovarian veins drain into?

A

right side - IVC

left side - left renal vein

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46
Q

what carries the ovarian artery and vein?

A

the suspensory ligament of the ovary

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47
Q

which 2 structures does the ligament of the ovary pass between?

A

the uterus and the ovary

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48
Q

which 2 structures does the vagina artery supply?

A

the distal uterus and the vagina

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49
Q

where does the vaginal artery arise from?

A

either:
uterine artery
direct branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery

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50
Q

which 2 structures is suppled by the internal pudendal artery?

A

the distal vagina and perineum

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51
Q

which 2 structures carry lymph away from the uterus

A

the broad ligament and the round ligament

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52
Q

what is the vas deferens

A

a smooth muscle tube that transport sperm from the testis to the ejaculatory duct

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53
Q

which 2 structures form the ejaculatory duct?

A

the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle

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54
Q

what are the seminal vesicles?

A

highly coiled tubes that lie posterior to the bladder in males

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55
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

they secrete the liquid component of hte semen and they support the sperm (they release fructose which acts as an energy source for the sperm)

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56
Q

which 2 structures support the prostate gland?

A

the puboprostatic ligament and the muscles of the pelvic floor

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57
Q

which muscle supports the prostate gland

A

pubococcygeus forms pub prostaticus or levitator prostate

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58
Q

where does lymph from the lower part of the bladder, the seminal vesicles, prostate glands and erectile tissues of the penis pass to?

A

nodes clustered around the internal iliac artery

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59
Q

where does lymph from more distal parts of the penis drain to?

A

deep inguinal nodes

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60
Q

where does lymph from the testis drain to?

A

dollops the arterial supply back to aortic nodes clustered around the root of the testicuar artery

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61
Q

where does lymph from the testis drain to?

A

dollops the arterial supply back to aortic nodes clustered around the root of the testicuar artery

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62
Q

what are the borders of the anal triangle?

A

the ischial tuberosities (base) and the coccyx (apex)

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63
Q

what are the spaces either side of the rectum called?

A

ischiorectal or ischio anal fossae

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64
Q

which nerve supplies the external anal sphincter?

A

the inferior rectal nerve (a branch of the pudendal nerve)

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65
Q

what is the main component of the ischial fossa

A

fat

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66
Q

what are the small internal folds of the anal canal called?

A

anal columns

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67
Q

what is the perineal body?

A

a small dent structure composed of connective tissue that lies at the edge of the urogenital diaphragm to provide attachment to muscles of the perineum ass well a the external anal sphincter

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68
Q

what controls releases of faeces from the body?

A

the external anal sphincter

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69
Q

which nerve innervates the external anal sphincter?

A

the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-4)

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70
Q

what is the pectinate line?

A

the line at the base of the anal columns which is the landmark for the end of the visceral internal part of the digestive tract ad the start of the parietal body wall structures

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71
Q

describe the arterial supply to the wall of the rectum

A

superior rectal artery
middle rectal artery
inferior rectal artery

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72
Q

where does the superior rectal artery arise from?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

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73
Q

where does the middle rectal artery arise from?

A

the internal iliac artery

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74
Q

where does the inferior rectal artery arise from?

A

the internal pudendal arteries

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75
Q

where does the urogenital triangle sit in relation to the anal triangle?

A

anterior to the anal triangle

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76
Q

where is the urogenital diaphragm found?

A

at the urogenital triangle - the urogenital diaphragm fills the urogenital triangle

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77
Q

explain the continuation of the abdo wall fascia into the pelvis

A

scraps fascia is called collet fascia and continues into the labia in females or scrotum in males

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78
Q

explain the 3 layers of the urogenital diaphragm

A

superior layer - comprised of fascia and blends w/ the perineal body

middle layer - contains the voluntary sphincter that controls urination (sphincter urethrae) and deep transverse perineal muscles

inferior layer - most superficial and contains a layer of fascia called the perineal membrane

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79
Q

where is the superficial perineal pouch?

A

in between the inferior layer of the urogenital diaphragm (perineal membrane) and the skin

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80
Q

where is the deep perineal pouch?

A

lies anteriorly between the fascial layers of the urogenital pouch

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81
Q

what are the 3. structures that pass through the deep perineal pouch in both sexes?

A

urethra
branches of the internal pudendal artery
pudendal nerve

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82
Q

what is the additional structure that passes through the deep perineal pouch in males?

A

bulbourethral glands

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83
Q

what is the function of bulbourethral glands?

A

add fluid to the urethra

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84
Q

what are the 2 additional structures that pass through the deep perineal pouch in females?

A

the vagina

small glands assoc w/ the vagina

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85
Q

where do the reproductive structures in both sexes lie?

A

in the superficial perineal pouch

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86
Q

what are the 4 structures of the superficial perineal pouch?

A

small muscles
pieces of erectile tissue
the nerves and vessels that supply the erectile tissue
the urethra

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87
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles in the urogenital pouch?

A

perineal branches of the pudendal nerve

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88
Q

where do the small skeletal muscles lie in the urogenital triangle and what is their function?

A

the overlie the erectile tissues of the perineum and help maintain erection of the tissue by impending venous return, keeping blood inside the erectile tissue

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89
Q

which muscle overlies the crura?

A

ischiocavernosus

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90
Q

which muscle overlies the bulb of the penis in males and the bulb of the vestibule in females?

A

bulbospongiosus

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91
Q

explain the distribution of the bulbospongiosus muscle in males and females

A

females - runs on either side of the vagina (because the bulb of the vestibule is in 2 parts, one on either side of the vagina)

males - meet in the midline and surround the bulb of the penis

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92
Q

what is the erectile tissue that lies next to the ischiopubic rami?

A

the crura

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93
Q

in females what do the crura continue as?

A

continue to form the body of the clitoris

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94
Q

in males what do the crura continue as?

A

continue into the penis as the corpus cavernous

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95
Q

what does the bulb of the penis continue as?

A

the corpus spongiosum which will also form the glans penis

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96
Q

what are the 3 blocks of erectile tissue in the penis?

A

2 corpus cavernous
1 corpus spongiosum

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97
Q

explain the arrangement of the 3 blocks of erectile tissue in the penis

A

there are 2 blocks of corpus cavernousum on either side with 1 block of corpus spongiosum at the bottom and in the middle

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98
Q

where in relation to the erectile tissue does the urethra lie?

A

w/n the corpus spongiosum

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99
Q

what are the 4 parts of the male urethra?

A

pre prostatic part

prostatic part

membranous part

penile (spongy part)

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100
Q

where is the pre prostatic part of the male urethra found?

A

between the trigone area and the prostate gland

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101
Q

where is the prostatic part of the male urethra found?

A

passing through the prostate gland where it is joined by the ejaculatory ducts

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102
Q

where is the membranous part of the male urethra found?

A

passing through the urogenital diaphragm

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103
Q

where is the penile (spongy) part of the male urethra found?

A

passing through the corpus spongiosum to open at the glans of the penis

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104
Q

what nerve provides sensory innervation to the penis and scrotum?

A

the pudendal nerve

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105
Q

what nerve provides sensory innervation to the clitoris?

A

the pudendal nerve

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106
Q

what nerve roots make up the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S5

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107
Q

what is the nerve root value of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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108
Q

explain the innervation of the sciatic nerve

A

supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstring muscles) and then divides into its terminal branches which supply all the muscles of the leg adn the foot

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109
Q

what are the nerve root values of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4, L5, S1

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110
Q

explain the innervation of the superior gluteal nerve

A

innervates gluteus medius and minimus

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111
Q

what are the nerve root values of the inferior gluteal nerve

A

L5, S1, S2

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112
Q

explain the innervation of the inferior gluteal nerve

A

innervates gluteus maximus

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113
Q

where does the sciatic nerve pass through?

A

the sciatic foramen immediately above piriformis

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Perfectly
114
Q

which nerve supplies obturator interns muscle?

A

nerve to obturator internus

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115
Q

nerve to obturator internus is a direct branch from where?

A

L5-S1

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116
Q

what nerve supplies piriformis muscle?

A

nerve to piriformis

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117
Q

nerve to piriformis is a direct branch from where?

A

S1, S2

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118
Q

what innervates levator ani?

A

the nerve to levator ani and the pudendal nerve

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119
Q

how does the pudendal nerve control continence?

A

the pudendal nerve supplies both the external (voluntary) sphincters of the urethra and anal canal and it is important in the maintenance of continence

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120
Q

what are the nerve root of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-4

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121
Q

explain the course of the pudendal nerve

A

it passes through the greater sciatic foramen, around the ischial spine and then through the lesser sciatic foramen to reach the anal triangle and then the perineum

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122
Q

where is the superior hypogastric plexus found?

A

at the bifurcation of the aorta into the common iliac arteries

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123
Q

what kind of autonomic nerves are fond in the superior hypogastric nerve plexus?

A

sympathetic only

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124
Q

what kind of autonomic nerves are found in the inferior hypogastric plexus?

A

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

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125
Q

what is the main arterial supply to the pelvis?

A

the internal iliac artery

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126
Q

where does the aorta divide into the common iliac?

A

L4

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127
Q

what does the common iliac artery divide into?

A

internal and external iliac arteries

128
Q

where does the external iliac artery supply?

A

the lower limb

129
Q

where does the internal iliac artery supply?

A

the pelvis

130
Q

which is the first branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A

umbilical artery

131
Q

explain the course of the umbilical artery

A

ends as a piece of connective tissue but gives at least 2 arteries to supply the bladder - the superior vesical arteries

132
Q

explain the course of the obturator artery

A

passes through the obturator foramen into the medial compartment of the thigh

133
Q

which artery usually replaces the inferior vescial artery in females?

A

the vaginal or the uterine artery

134
Q

other than the rectum which additional structure does the middle rectal artery supply in males?

A

the prostate gland

135
Q

which 2 arteries from the anterior division of the internal iliac arteries pass through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

the internal pudendal artery
the inferior gluteal artery

136
Q

where does the internal pudendal artery supply?

A

the perineum

137
Q

which structures are supplied by the inferior vesical artery in males?

A

the prostate
the seminal vesicles
ductus deferens

138
Q

where do the testicular arteries arise from?

A

the abdominal aorta at L2

139
Q

which artery supplies the inferior bladder in females and why?

A

the uterine artery or the vaginal artery because the the inferior rectal artery is absent in females

140
Q

where does the ovarian artery come from?

A

direct branch from the abdo aorta at L2

141
Q

what are the branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A

umbilical artery
obturator artery
uterine artery (females) / inferior vesical artery (males)
middle rectal
inferior gluteal
internal pudendal

142
Q

what are the branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A

iliolumbar artery
lateral sacral artery
superior gluteal region

remember:
P - posterior division
I - iliolumbar artery
L - lateral sacral artery
S - superior gluteal artery

143
Q

where does the iliolumbar artery supply?

A

posterior part of the abdo wall

144
Q

where does the lateral sacral artery supply

A

contributes blood to the vertebral canal

145
Q

where does the superior gluteal artery supply?

A

part of the gluteal region

146
Q

where is the main venous drainage of the pelvis to?

A

the internal iliac veins

147
Q

what turns the greater and lesser sciatic notch into foramen?

A

the presence of ligaments

148
Q

which structures cover the obturator foramen?

A

obturator internus
obturator externsus
obturator membrane

149
Q

how do obturator nerves and vessels pass through the obturator foramen when its covered by the structures?

A

the structures are pierced by the obturator nerves and vessels

150
Q

what is the bony landmark for the pudendal nerve?

A

the ischial spine

151
Q

what is the site of the hip joint

A

the acetabulum

152
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint

A

synovial ball and socket

153
Q

what type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

secondary cartilaginous

154
Q

what type of joint is the lumbosacral joint

A

secondary cartilaginous

155
Q

how many vertebrae is the sacrum formed from?

A

5 fused vertebrae

156
Q

how do sacral nerves exit the vertebral column to supply structures w/in the pelvis and lower limb?

A

through the sacral foramina

157
Q

what are the 2 large ligaments that attach to the sacrum?

A

the sacrotuberous ligament
the sacrospinous ligament

158
Q

where does the sacrospinous ligament pass to / from?

A

from the sacrum to the ischial spine

159
Q

where does the sacrotuberous ligament pass to / from?

A

from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity

160
Q

what forms the posterior borders of the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

the sacrotubeous and sacrospinous ligaments

161
Q

what forms the inguinal ligament?

A

aponeurosis of external oblique rolling over itself

162
Q

what are the 3 differences of the female pelvis?

A

the pubic angle ar the pubic symphysis is wider

the ischial spines do not protrude into the pelvic cavity as much

the sacrum is flatter compared to that of a male

163
Q

what is the classic shape of the pelvic inlet

A

gynecoid

164
Q

what muscle covers the external surface of the obturator foramen?

A

obturator externus

165
Q

what is the innervation of obturator intenrus?

A

nerve to obturator Inverness directly from the sacral plexus (L5, S1)

166
Q

what is the composition of the pelvic floor?

A

levator ani anteriorly

coccygeus posteriorly

167
Q

where does coccygeus pass to / from?

A

fro the ischial spine to the coccyx and the lower part of the sacrum

168
Q

levator ani is divided into which 2 parts?

A

pubococcygeus - more medial fibres

iliococcygeus - more lateral fibres

169
Q

in males which 2 structures does pubococcygeus wrap around?

A

the rectum (puborectalis)

the prostate gland (puboprostaticus)

170
Q

in females which 2 structures does pubococcygues wrap around?

A

the rectum (puborectalis)

the vagina (pubovaginalis)

171
Q

iliococcygues fills the space between which 2 muscles?

A

pubococcygeus and coccygeus

172
Q

where does iliococcygues attach?

A

to the thickened fascia above obturator internus (this line is called the tendinous arch of levator ani)

173
Q

the lumbosacral trunk carries fibres from which spinal levels?

A

L4-S3

174
Q

where is the femoral nerve derived from?

A

posterior divisions of L2, L3 and L4 anterior rami

175
Q

where is the obturator nerve derived from?

A

anterior divisions of L2, L3 and L4 anterior rami

176
Q

which 2 nerves are derived from L2, L3 and L4 nerve roots?

A

femoral and obturator nerves

177
Q

what are the 2 main veins in the lower limb?

A

the great saphenous vein and the short / small saphenous vein

178
Q

where does the great saphenous vein run from / to and where does it empty?

A

runs from the dorsum of the foot and up to the anterolateral thigh

empties into the femoral vein

179
Q

where does the short saphenous vein run from / to and where does it empty?

A

runs from the foot to the leg (does not go into the thigh)

empties into the popliteal vein

180
Q

what is the name of the deep fascia in the leg?

A

crural fascia

181
Q

what is the name of the deep fascia in the thigh?

A

fascia latae

182
Q

what is the iliotibial tract?

A

thickenings of the fascia latae on the lateral side

183
Q

what is the function of the iliotibial tract?

A

to support the femur on the on the tibia when standing

184
Q

what is the defect in the fascia latae called and what occurs here?

A

the saphenous hiatus

here the great saphenous vein is diving down towards the femoral vein

185
Q

what covers the defect in the fascia latae (the saphenous hiatus)?

A

cribriform fascia

186
Q

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

base: inguinal ligament

lateral border: sartorius muscle

medial border: adductor longus muscle

floor: iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially

187
Q

what are the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?

A

N - femoral nerve
A - femoral artery
V - femoral vein
L - lymphaticxs

188
Q

which structure of the femoral triangle is not included within the femoral sheath?

A

the femoral nerve

189
Q

what is the femoral canal?

A

located within the femoral sheath and contains fat and lymphatic vessels

190
Q

what are the 2 functions of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

hip flexion
knee extension

191
Q

what is the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

hip adduction

192
Q

what is the function of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

hip extension
knee flexion

193
Q

what is the small indentation on the head of the femur called?

A

the fovea

194
Q

what connects the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur on the anterior surface?

A

intertrochanteric line

195
Q

what connects the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur on the posterior surface?

A

intertrochanteric crest

196
Q

what is the bony ridge down the midline of the posterior side of the femur called?

A

linea aspera

197
Q

what is the ridge that extends proximally from the line aspera towards the lesser trochanter called?

A

the pectineal line

198
Q

what are the 2 ridges that the linea aspera splits into distally called?

A

the supracondylar lines

199
Q

what are the notches above the condyles called?

A

epicondyles

200
Q

what are the 4 hip flexor muscles of the anterior compartment?

A

iliacus
psoas major
pectineus
sartorius

201
Q

what muscle group males up the knee extensors of the anterior compartment?

A

quadriceps

202
Q

what are the 4 heads of quadriceps?

A

rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius

203
Q

what innervates pectineus muscle?

A

femoral nerve (L2,L3)

204
Q

where is the proximal attachment of sartorius?

A

ASIS of the ilium

205
Q

where is the distal attachment of sartorius?

A

superior part of the medial surface of the tibia

206
Q

what innervates sartorius?

A

femoral nerve (L2,L3)

207
Q

what is the most superficial component of quadriceps?

A

rectus femoris

208
Q

where do the vastus components of quadriceps lie?

A

vastus lateralis - lateral side of the thigh
vastus medialis - medial side of the thigh
vastus intermedius - deep to rectus femoris

209
Q

explain the distal attachment of quadriceps muscle?

A

all 4 components of quadriceps unite to form a single distal attachment at the quadriceps tendon which surrounds the patella and then continues below the patella as the patellar ligament

210
Q

what levels of the spinal cord form the femoral nerve?

A

L2, L3 and L4

211
Q

explain the course of the femoral nerve

A

it crosses over the surface of the ilium running on the surface of iliacus muscle. it then passes deep to the inguinal ligament, just medial to ASIS and then runs on the tendon of the iliopsoas muscle

212
Q

what are the types of branches of the femoral nerve and what do they innervate?

A

muscular branches - innervate the muscles of the anterior thigh

articular branches - sensory branches to the hip and knee

cutaneous branches - sensory innervation to the anteromedial aspect of the knee

213
Q

what is the terminal branch of the femoral nerve?

A

the saphenous nerve

214
Q

what does the saphenous nerve innervate?

A

travels down to pass on the medial side of the knee joint giving cutaneous innervation to the skin covering the anteromedial aspect of the knee and the leg and foot

215
Q

what is the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

hip adduction

216
Q

what are the 4 hip adductor muscles?

A

gracilis
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus

217
Q

what muscle is part of the adductor compartment but does not produce adduction of the hip?

A

obturator externus

218
Q

what is the nerve to the medial compartment?

A

the obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

219
Q

explain the innervation of adductor magnus

A

primarily innervated by the obturator nerve (L2, L3 and L4) but the hamstring part is innervated by the sciatic nerve

220
Q

explain the course of the obturator nerve

A

it travels distally running along the lateral wall of the pelvis and then passes through the obturator canal to access medial compartment of the thigh

in medial compartment it divides into anterior and posterior branches

221
Q

where does the anterior branch of the obturator nerve?

A

on the anterior surface of adductor brevis

222
Q

where does the posterior branch of the obturator nerve lie?

A

deep to adductor brevis

223
Q

the anterior branch of the obturator nerve gives branches to which muscles?

A

adductor brevis
adductor longus
gracilis

224
Q

the posterior division of the obturator nerve gives branches to which muscles?

A

adductor magnus
obturator externus

225
Q

where is the adductor canal?

A

in the distal part of the thigh in between the anterior and medial compartments of the thigh

226
Q

what travels in the adductor canal?

A

femoral vessels and the saphenous nerve

227
Q

the femoral artery is a continuation of which artery?

A

external iliac artery

228
Q

where does profunda femoris branch off?

A

the femoral artery

229
Q

which muscle does profunda femoris travels deep to?

A

adductor longus

230
Q

explain the arteries that wrap around the shaft of the femur

A

profunda femoris gives medial and lateral circumflex femoral branches which wrap around the shaft of the femur

231
Q

where does the obturator artery arise from?

A

the internal iliac artery

232
Q

which compartment does the anterior division of the obturator artery supply?

A

medial compartment

233
Q

which compartment foes the posterior branch of the obturator artery supply?

A

the posterior compartment

234
Q

where is the cruciate anastomosis?

A

posterior to the proximal end of the femur

235
Q

what vessels are involved in the cruciate anastomosis?

A

medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

a branch from the first perforating artery from the proufunda femoris

contribution from inferior gluteal artery

236
Q

where does the iliac crest run from / to ?

A

from ASIS to PSIS

237
Q

what is the arcuate line?

A

the ridge that runs along the medial surface of the ilium towards the pubis

238
Q

the pectineal line is an important site of muscle attachment for which muscles?

A

the adductor muscles of the medial thigh

the vasti muscles that contribute to quadriceps

239
Q

what are the 5 lateral rotators of the gluteal region?

A

gluteus maximus
piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris

240
Q

what are the medial rotators and abductors of the gluteal region?

A

gluteus medius
gluteus maximus

241
Q

where do the fibres of gluteus maximus insert?

A

most muscle fibres (3/4) insert into the iliotibial tract

the deeper 1/4 of the fibres attach onto the gluteal tuberosity of the femur

242
Q

what are the 2 functions of gluteus maximus?

A

extension of the hip joint - primary function

lateral rotation - can assist in lateral rotation due to the orientation of the fibres

243
Q

what is the innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

the inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

244
Q

where do fibres from tensor fascia latae insert?

A

into the iliotibial tract

245
Q

what is the function of tensor fascia latae?

A

support the femur on the tibia when standing

246
Q

what innervates tensor fascia latae?

A

the superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

247
Q

what is the function of gluteus medius?

A

abduction and medial rotation of the hip

248
Q

what nerve innervates gluteus medius?

A

superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

249
Q

what is the function of gluteus minimus?

A

abduction and medial rotation of the hip

250
Q

what nerve innervates gluteus medius?

A

superior gluteal nerve (l4, L5, S1)

251
Q

explain the course of piriformis muscle?

A

it begins in the pelvic cavity w/ the proximal attachment on the anterior surface of the sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament it then passes through the greater sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region and its distal attachment is on the greater trochanter of the femur

252
Q

what is the function of piriformis?

A

laterally rotate the hip

253
Q

what is the innervation of piriformis?

A

the anterior rami of S1, S2

254
Q

what is the function of obturator internus?

A

lateral rotation of the hip

255
Q

what nerve innervates obturator internus?

A

nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

256
Q

what are the gemelli?

A

two small muscles closely assoc w/ obturator intenrus (one either side)

257
Q

where is the proximal attachment of the superior gemellus?

A

ischial spine

258
Q

where is the proximal attachment of the inferior gemellus?

A

ischial tuberosity

259
Q

where do the gemelli insert?

A

blend w/ the obturator tendon and insert w/ it on the medial side of the greater trochanter

260
Q

what innervates the superior gemellus?

A

nerve to obturator internus

261
Q

what innervates the inferior gemellus?

A

nerve to quadratus femoris

262
Q

where does quadratus femoris run from / to?

A

from the ischial tuberosity to the quadrate tubercle of the intertrochanteric crest

263
Q

what is the function of quadratus femoris?

A

laterally rotate the hip

264
Q

what innervates quadratus femoris?

A

nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

265
Q

what is the function of quadratus externus?

A

lateral rotation of the hip

266
Q

explain why obturator externus is seen in the gluteal region despite being a medial compartment muscle

A

the tendon of obturator extenrus can be seen in the gluteal region

267
Q

explain why obturator externus is seen in the gluteal region despite being a medial compartment muscle

A

the tendon of obturator extenrus can be seen in the gluteal region

268
Q

what nerve innervates obturator externus and explain why

A

the obturator nerve (L3, L4) because it is a medial compartment muscle and the obturator nerve is the nerve t o the medial compartment

269
Q

what nerve innervates obturator externus and explain why

A

the obturator nerve (L3, L4) because it is a medial compartment muscle and the obturator nerve is the nerve t o the medial compartment

270
Q

explain the course of the sciatic nerve

A

forms w/in the pelvic cavity and then exits via the greater sciatic foramen and enters the gluteal region just inferior to piriformis then passes through the gluteal region

it does not supply anything in the gluteal region

271
Q

what are he 2 branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

tibial nerve
common peroneal nerve

272
Q

where does the tibial nerve emerge from?

A

always deep to piriformis

273
Q

where does the common peroneal nerve emerge from?

A

variable - can emerge above, below or through piriformis

274
Q

the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh caries fibres from which spinal levels?

A

S1, S2, S3

275
Q

where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervate?

A

primarily supplies the skin covering the posterior thigh

also gives a number of branches that supply the skin of the inferior half of the bum - these are the inferior clunial nerves

276
Q

what supplies the upper half of the bum with cutaneous innervation?

A

the superior clunial nerves

277
Q

explain the hip joint

A

the hip joint is made up of hte small rounded head of hte femur covered by hyaline cartilage which sits w/in the deep socket of the acetabulum

278
Q

what is the distribution of the articular surface in the acetabulum?

A

horseshoe

279
Q

where is the capsule found on the hip bone?

A

closely following the margins of the articular surface

280
Q

where is the capsule found on the femur?

A

attaches around the junction of the neck of the femur

281
Q

where does the iliofemoral ligament run from / to ?

A

from ASIS on the hip bone to the intertrochanteric line anteriorly

282
Q

what does the iliofemoral ligament limit?

A

extension of the hip
lateral rotation of the hip
adduction (upper band)
abduction (lower band)

283
Q

where does the pubofemoral ligament run from / to?

A

from the iliopubofemoral eminence to attach on the intertrochanteric line

284
Q

what does the pubofemoral ligament limit?

A

extension
lateral rotation
abduction

285
Q

where does the ischiofemoral ligament run from / to?

A

from the acetabulum to the greater trochanter

286
Q

what does the ischiofemoral ligament limit?

A

medial rotation
adduction
extension

287
Q

why do all ligaments limit extension but none limit flexion?

A

because hip flexion brings the thigh close to the trunk and so the trunk itself limits flexion and so there are no ligaments needed to limit flexion

288
Q

the artery of the head of the femur is a branch from where?

A

the obturator artery

289
Q

where does the artery of the head of the femur travel?

A

in the ligament of the head of the femur w/in the joint space

290
Q

explain the importance of the artery of the head of the femur throughout life

A

it is esp important in developemnt but less important later in life

291
Q

apart from the artery to the head of the femur what other vessels supply the hip joint?

A

branches from the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries which come from the profunda femoris artery

292
Q

what is the single group of muscles in the posterior thigh?

A

the hamstring muscles

293
Q

what are the 3 muscles in the hamstring group

A
294
Q

what are the 3 muscles in the hamstring group

A

semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris

295
Q

wha tis the function of the hamstring group (posterior thigh)?

A

extension of the hip
flexion of the knee

296
Q

where is semitendinosus located?

A

on the medial aspect of the posterior compartment

297
Q

how does semitendinosus differ from semimembranosus visually?

A

semitendinosus - long rope like tendon

semimembranosus - shiny membranous appearance

298
Q

what nerve innervates semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A

tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

299
Q

what is the common proximal attachment for all true hamstring muscles?

A

the ischial tuberosity

300
Q

where does the long head of biceps femoris proximally attach?

A

ischial tuberosity (same as all other hamstring muscles)

301
Q

where does the short head of biceps femoris attach proximally?

A

on the linea aspera and the lateral supracondylar line of the shaft of the femur

302
Q

explain the distal insertion of biceps femoris

A

the two heads unit distally to insert on the head of the fibula

303
Q

what nerve innervates the long head of biceps femoris?

A

the tibial division o the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

same as all other hamstring muscles

304
Q

what nerve innervates the short head of biceps femoris?

A

the common peronal division of the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

305
Q

what is the function of the muscles of the posterior compartment

A

extend the hip joint
flex the knee joint

306
Q

what muscle produces lateral rotation of the knee?

A

biceps femoris

307
Q

which 4 muscles produce medial rotation of the knee?

A

semimembranosus
semitendinosus
gracilis
sartorius

308
Q

where does the sciatic nerve divide into common peroneal and tibial branches?

A

occur anywhere along the length but usually occurs as the nerve enters the popliteal fossa

309
Q

what forms the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

deeep fascia

310
Q

which 2 structures pierce the deep fascia of the popliteal fossa?

A

short saphenous vein
sural nerve

311
Q

where does the short saphenous vein empty?

A

into the popliteal vein at the popliteal fossa

312
Q

which 4 structures pass through the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common perineal nerve

313
Q

where in the popliteal fossa are the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve found?

A

tibial nerve - closer to the midline

common peroneal nerve - wraps around laterally

314
Q

which artery supplies the cruciate ligaments?

A

the middle genicualr artery

315
Q

which artery supplies the cruciate ligaments?

A

the middle genicualr artery

316
Q

when does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

when it passes through the adductor hiatus

BMSc anatomy (8 decks)

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