Regulation Of Reproduction

Question 1

What is the neural control after for all reproductive hormones?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus

Question 2

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 2

At the base of the brain

Question 3

The hypothalamus is divided into what?

Answer 3

Surge center, tonic center, and the paraventricular nucleus

Question 4

The surge center is involved in what?

Answer 4

Controlling LH in females

Question 5

The hypothalamus is inherently what?

Answer 5

Female

Question 6

What hormone drives defeminization of the surge center?

Answer 6

Testosterone produced by fetal testis

Question 7

What hormone actually defeminizes the surge center?

Answer 7

Estradiol

Question 8

What enzyme converts testosterone into estradiol?

Answer 8

Aromatase

Question 9

What produces estradiol in females?

Answer 9

The ovaries

Question 10

What protein binds to estradiol in females that prevents it from going past the blood-brain barrier to defeminire the surge center?

Answer 10

Alpha fetoprotein

Question 11

What produces the alpha fetoprotein?

Answer 11

Yolk sac and fetal liver

Question 12

Why can’t estradiol bind to testosterone in females?

Answer 12

Because it can’t get past the blood-brain barrier

Question 13

What hormone is controlled by the hypothalamus in females that surges but it’s basal in males?

Answer 13

Luteinizing hormone

Question 14

What part of the hypothalamus is responsible for the slow and steady response to stimulus?

Answer 14

The tonic Center

Question 15

What part of the hypothalamus is responsible for oxytocin synthesis?

Answer 15

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Question 16

The hypothalamus is responsible for what hormone section?

Answer 16

GnRH

Question 17

What separates the lateral portions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 17

The third ventricle

Question 18

What surrounds the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

Sella turcica

Question 19

What is the structure that prevents dilution of GnRH and provides a direct pathway into the anterior pituitary?

Answer 19

Hypothalamo- hypophyseal Portal system (hpp)

Question 20

The neurohypophysis is involved in the synthesis of what?

Answer 20

Oxytocin

Question 21

Oxytocin is directly released there?

Answer 21

Bloodstream

Question 22

What are the chemical messengers that respond to external stimulus and translate a signal ut showed male reflexes or neuroendocrine reflexes?

Answer 22

Hormones

Question 23

What do hormones interact with?

Answer 23

Receptors to secrete new products

Question 24

The hormone interaction is between what?

Answer 24

The nervous system and the endocrine system.

Question 25

The neuroendocrine reflexes target what?

Answer 25

The hypothalamus to release GnRH

Question 26

After GnRH is released it acts on the anterior pituitary to release what?

Answer 26

FSH and LH for maintenance

Question 27

The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin, but what structure synthesizes it?

Answer 27

The hypothalamus

Question 28

Sensory neurons are what type of neurons and where do they take a signal?

Answer 28

They are atterent and take signals to the spinal cord

Question 29

Efferent neurons take neural signals to?

Answer 29

Target tissues

Question 30

What are the types of reflexes?

Answer 30

Simple neural and neuroendocrine

Question 31

The direct reflex that involves neurotransmitters is?

Answer 31

The simple neural

Question 32

What does a neurotransmitter cause?

Answer 32

Nerves to fire or contractions of smooth muscle in the reproductive tract

Question 33

What does the neuroendocrine reflex use to signal a target tissue?

Answer 33

Neurohormone

Question 34

Efferent neurons can act on what to release GnRH and then the neurohormones?

Answer 34

Hypothalamus

Question 35

The neurohormone is released into the bloodstream but needs what? (Hint: hence why it is an indirect reflex?)

Answer 35

An intermediate

Question 36

What are the 2 types of hormones?

Answer 36

Protein and steroid

Question 37

Protein hormones act via what to elicit a fast and superficial response?

Answer 37

Plasma membrane receptors

Question 38

In a protein hormone reaction, the hormone - receptor binding activates what?

Answer 38

Adenylate cyclase to activate the G protein to convert ATP into cAMP

Question 39

What happens after cAMP gets activated?

Answer 39

Protein kinase gets activated to activate other enzymes to convert substrates into products

Question 40

What is an example of a protein hormone action?

Answer 40

FSH binding to granulosa cells to pump estradiol out

Question 41

Steroid hormones are secreted by which 3 glands?

Answer 41

Adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, and the placenta

Question 42

Via what receptors do steroid hormones act through?

Answer 42

Nuclear

Question 43

The slow response of steroid hormones regulates what?

Answer 43

Transcription factors and gene expression

Question 44

What does the slow steroid hormone initiate?

Answer 44

mRNA synthesis

Question 45

The fast response of steroid hormones is the same as a protein hormone response, but induces changes in what?

Answer 45

The calcium channel

Question 46

Reproductive hormones act in a quantities?

Answer 46

Small

Question 47

What do reproductive hormones first interact with?

Answer 47

Receptors in target tissues

Question 48

A short half-life a is characteristic of?

Answer 48

Reproductive hormones

Question 49

Reproductive hormones are classified by?

Answer 49

Source, MOA, luteolytic or metabolic

Question 50

What are 4 places that reproductive hormones can originate from?

Answer 50

Hypothalamus, uterus, pituitary, gonads

Question 51

What are the substances secreted outside of the body that are defected by the vMO and cause specific physiological or behavioral responses?

Answer 51

Pheromones

Question 52

What are the cells with the specific receptors capable of response called?

Answer 52

Target tissues

Question 53

The strength of the hormone action is determined by:

Answer 53

Pattern & duration, half-life, receptor density, receptor affinity

Question 54

Which pattern of secretion is characterized by a pulsatile and fast secretion?

Answer 54

Episodic

Question 55

A basal secretion is characterized by a what level and a what amplitude fluctuation ?

Answer 55

By a low level and a low amplitude fluctuation

Question 56

An elevated level that is steady throughout a long period of time is considered what type of pattern?

Answer 56

Sustained

Question 57

An example of an episodic secretion is?

Answer 57

FSH secretion

Question 58

A basal secretion pattern example is?

Answer 58

Greet from the tonic center on LH in females

Question 59

Progesterone during pregnancy is an example of which pattern ?

Answer 59

Sustained

Question 60

The rate at which a hormone is cleared from circulation by the liver's metabolism is known as?

Answer 60

Half-life

Question 61

An example of a hormone that was a half-life of a few days is ?

Answer 61

Equine coryogonadotropin (eCG)

Question 62

The number of receptors can influence what?

Answer 62

Response potential

Question 63

Hormones themselves may promote synthesis of?

Answer 63

Receptors for other hormones (example: FSH promotes LH receptor synthesis

Question 64

The greater the affinity, the greater what?

Answer 64

Response

Question 65

What 2 things may influence receptor density?

Answer 65

Nutrition and BCS

Question 66

What molecule controls GnRH by acting directly on neurons to its stimulated secretion?

Answer 66

Kisspeptins

Question 67

Kisspeptins regulate what?

Answer 67

Sexual differentiation and seasonality

Question 68

Where there is negative feedback, GnRH is?

Answer 68

Suppressed

Question 69

An example of a negative feedback

Answer 69

Inhibin to stop FSH and follicular growth

Question 70

In a positive feedback GnRH is?

Answer 70

Stimulated

Question 71

An example of positive feedback

Answer 71

E2 produced by Antral Follicle stimulates the surge center for more E2

Question 72

what are the 2 ways we can measure hormones?

Answer 72

RIA and ELIZA

Question 73

What does the RIA Measure?

Answer 73

Radioactivity which is correspondent to the number of hormones present

Question 74

What test measures the presence or the absence of a hormone?

Answer 74

ELIZA