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ANS 331 > Regulation Of Reproduction > Flashcards

Regulation Of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neural control after for all reproductive hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

At the base of the brain

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3
Q

The hypothalamus is divided into what?

A

Surge center, tonic center, and the paraventricular nucleus

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4
Q

The surge center is involved in what?

A

Controlling LH in females

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5
Q

The hypothalamus is inherently what?

A

Female

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6
Q

What hormone drives defeminization of the surge center?

A

Testosterone produced by fetal testis

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7
Q

What hormone actually defeminizes the surge center?

A

Estradiol

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8
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone into estradiol?

A

Aromatase

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9
Q

What produces estradiol in females?

A

The ovaries

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10
Q

What protein binds to estradiol in females that prevents it from going past the blood-brain barrier to defeminire the surge center?

A

Alpha fetoprotein

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11
Q

What produces the alpha fetoprotein?

A

Yolk sac and fetal liver

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12
Q

Why can’t estradiol bind to testosterone in females?

A

Because it can’t get past the blood-brain barrier

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13
Q

What hormone is controlled by the hypothalamus in females that surges but it’s basal in males?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is responsible for the slow and steady response to stimulus?

A

The tonic Center

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15
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is responsible for oxytocin synthesis?

A

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

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16
Q

The hypothalamus is responsible for what hormone section?

A

GnRH

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17
Q

What separates the lateral portions of the hypothalamus?

A

The third ventricle

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18
Q

What surrounds the hypothalamus?

A

Sella turcica

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19
Q

What is the structure that prevents dilution of GnRH and provides a direct pathway into the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamo- hypophyseal Portal system (hpp)

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20
Q

The neurohypophysis is involved in the synthesis of what?

A

Oxytocin

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21
Q

Oxytocin is directly released there?

A

Bloodstream

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22
Q

What are the chemical messengers that respond to external stimulus and translate a signal ut showed male reflexes or neuroendocrine reflexes?

A

Hormones

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23
Q

What do hormones interact with?

A

Receptors to secrete new products

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24
Q

The hormone interaction is between what?

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system.

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25
Q

The neuroendocrine reflexes target what?

A

The hypothalamus to release GnRH

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26
Q

After GnRH is released it acts on the anterior pituitary to release what?

A

FSH and LH for maintenance

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27
Q

The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin, but what structure synthesizes it?

A

The hypothalamus

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28
Q

Sensory neurons are what type of neurons and where do they take a signal?

A

They are atterent and take signals to the spinal cord

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29
Q

Efferent neurons take neural signals to?

A

Target tissues

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30
Q

What are the types of reflexes?

A

Simple neural and neuroendocrine

31
Q

The direct reflex that involves neurotransmitters is?

A

The simple neural

32
Q

What does a neurotransmitter cause?

A

Nerves to fire or contractions of smooth muscle in the reproductive tract

33
Q

What does the neuroendocrine reflex use to signal a target tissue?

A

Neurohormone

34
Q

Efferent neurons can act on what to release GnRH and then the neurohormones?

A

Hypothalamus

35
Q

The neurohormone is released into the bloodstream but needs what? (Hint: hence why it is an indirect reflex?)

A

An intermediate

36
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones?

A

Protein and steroid

37
Q

Protein hormones act via what to elicit a fast and superficial response?

A

Plasma membrane receptors

38
Q

In a protein hormone reaction, the hormone - receptor binding activates what?

A

Adenylate cyclase to activate the G protein to convert ATP into cAMP

39
Q

What happens after cAMP gets activated?

A

Protein kinase gets activated to activate other enzymes to convert substrates into products

40
Q

What is an example of a protein hormone action?

A

FSH binding to granulosa cells to pump estradiol out

41
Q

Steroid hormones are secreted by which 3 glands?

A

Adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, and the placenta

42
Q

Via what receptors do steroid hormones act through?

A

Nuclear

43
Q

The slow response of steroid hormones regulates what?

A

Transcription factors and gene expression

44
Q

What does the slow steroid hormone initiate?

A

mRNA synthesis

45
Q

The fast response of steroid hormones is the same as a protein hormone response, but induces changes in what?

A

The calcium channel

46
Q

Reproductive hormones act in a quantities?

A

Small

47
Q

What do reproductive hormones first interact with?

A

Receptors in target tissues

48
Q

A short half-life a is characteristic of?

A

Reproductive hormones

49
Q

Reproductive hormones are classified by?

A

Source, MOA, luteolytic or metabolic

50
Q

What are 4 places that reproductive hormones can originate from?

A

Hypothalamus, uterus, pituitary, gonads

51
Q

What are the substances secreted outside of the body that are defected by the vMO and cause specific physiological or behavioral responses?

A

Pheromones

52
Q

What are the cells with the specific receptors capable of response called?

A

Target tissues

53
Q

The strength of the hormone action is determined by:

A

Pattern & duration, half-life, receptor density, receptor affinity

54
Q

Which pattern of secretion is characterized by a pulsatile and fast secretion?

A

Episodic

55
Q

A basal secretion is characterized by a what level and a what amplitude fluctuation ?

A

By a low level and a low amplitude fluctuation

56
Q

An elevated level that is steady throughout a long period of time is considered what type of pattern?

A

Sustained

57
Q

An example of an episodic secretion is?

A

FSH secretion

58
Q

A basal secretion pattern example is?

A

Greet from the tonic center on LH in females

59
Q

Progesterone during pregnancy is an example of which pattern ?

A

Sustained

60
Q

The rate at which a hormone is cleared from circulation by the liver’s metabolism is known as?

A

Half-life

61
Q

An example of a hormone that was a half-life of a few days is ?

A

Equine coryogonadotropin (eCG)

62
Q

The number of receptors can influence what?

A

Response potential

63
Q

Hormones themselves may promote synthesis of?

A

Receptors for other hormones (example: FSH promotes LH receptor synthesis

64
Q

The greater the affinity, the greater what?

A

Response

65
Q

What 2 things may influence receptor density?

A

Nutrition and BCS

66
Q

What molecule controls GnRH by acting directly on neurons to its stimulated secretion?

A

Kisspeptins

67
Q

Kisspeptins regulate what?

A

Sexual differentiation and seasonality

68
Q

Where there is negative feedback, GnRH is?

A

Suppressed

69
Q

An example of a negative feedback

A

Inhibin to stop FSH and follicular growth

70
Q

In a positive feedback GnRH is?

A

Stimulated

71
Q

An example of positive feedback

A

E2 produced by Antral Follicle stimulates the surge center for more E2

72
Q

what are the 2 ways we can measure hormones?

A

RIA and ELIZA

73
Q

What does the RIA Measure?

A

Radioactivity which is correspondent to the number of hormones present

74
Q

What test measures the presence or the absence of a hormone?

A

ELIZA

ANS 331 (12 decks)

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