Remaining Exam 3 Material [CH 20]

Question 1

how many vertebrae in the cervical spine

Answer 1

7

Question 2

anatomy of cervical spine

Answer 2

atlas + axis

Question 3

how many vertebrae in the thoracic spine

Answer 3

12

Question 4

anatomy of thoracic spine

Answer 4

-articulate with the ribs
-long transverse processes

Question 5

how many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine

Answer 5

5

Question 6

anatomy of lumbar spine

Answer 6

-major support of the low back
-largest

Question 7

sacrum

Answer 7

-formed by the fusion of the 5 vertebrae
-body’s weight is transmitted through the sacrum + pelvis

Question 8

coccyx

Answer 8

-tailbone
-most inferior aspect of the spine

Question 9

intervertebral discs

Answer 9

-between each vertebrae
-act as shock absorbers for the spine

Question 10

ligaments of the spine

Answer 10

-anterior longitudinal
-posterior longitudinal
-supraspinous ligament

Question 11

muscles of the spine (4)

Answer 11

-erector spinae
-quadratus lumborum
-multifidus
-serratus posterior

Question 12

muscles of erector spinae (3)

Answer 12

-iliocostalis
-longissimus
-spinalis

Question 13

spinal cord has how many pairs of nerves

Answer 13

31 pairs

Question 14

preventing injuries to the spine- strength

Answer 14

-neck muscles can resist excessive hyperflexion, hyperextension, or rotational forces
-abdominal strength is essential to ensure proper postural alignment
-muscle imbalances can be a cause of LBP

Question 15

preventing injuries to the spine- flexibility

Answer 15

neck + trunk should have full ROM

Question 16

preventing injuries to the spine- use proper technique

Answer 16

-proper technique in tackling to avoid neck injuries
-proper technique in lifting to avoid lumbar injuries

Question 17

assessment of the spine- history

Answer 17

-do you have any pain in your neck or directly over your spine?
-do you have any numbness or tingling in your neck, arms, or hands?
-are you able to move your ankles + toes?
-were you knocked unconscious?

Question 18

assessment of the spine- observation

Answer 18

-does posture exhibit signs of kyphosis, lordosis, or scoliosis?
-is the athlete able to move the head + neck freely?
-are the shoulders level + symmetrical?

Question 19

assessment of the spine- palpation

Answer 19

-progress from proximal to distal
-palpate bony structures (spinous processes, transverse processes, + sacrum)
-palpate musculature

Question 20

cervical fx- cause

Answer 20

axial loading- normal curvature of the spine flattens out

Question 21

cervical fx- signs

Answer 21

-neck point tenderness
-restricted movement
-numbness in trunk +/or limbs

Question 22

cervical fx- care

Answer 22

if a cervical fx is suspected, the athlete shouldn’t be moved except by individuals specifically trained to do so

Question 23

cervical dislocations- cause

Answer 23

-violent flexion + rotation of the head
-pool diving accidents

Question 24

cervical dislocations- signs

Answer 24

-similar signs of fx
-unilateral dislocation causes neck to be tilted toward dislocated side
-pain, weakness, + numbness

Question 25

cervical dislocations- care

Answer 25

great care must be taken due to a high likelihood of injury to the spinal cord

Question 26

neck strain- cause

Answer 26

-head turned suddenly -forced flexion, extension, or rotation

Question 27

neck strain- signs

Answer 27

-localized pain -restricted motion -muscle guarding

Question 28

neck strain- care

Answer 28

-POLICE -ROM exercises

Question 29

cervical sprain is also called

Answer 29

whiplash

Question 30

cervical strain (whiplash)- cause

Answer 30

combination of hyperflexion + hyperextension

Question 31

cervical strain (whiplash)- signs

Answer 31

-same signs as strain but with longer symptoms -tenderness over spinous + transverse processes

Question 32

cervical strain (whiplash)- care

Answer 32

-x-ray to rule out fx -soft cervical collar may be applied

Question 33

acute torticollis- cause

Answer 33

-small piece of synovial membrane lining the joint capsule is impinged between the cervical vertebrae -holding head in unusual position over time

Question 34

acute torticollis- signs

Answer 34

-palpable point tenderness + muscle spasms -head movement restricted to the opposite side of irritation

Question 35

acute torticollis- care

Answer 35

-cold or heat + massage -gradually engage strengthening + stretching exercises

Question 36

pinched nerve- cause

Answer 36

-stretching or compression of the brachial plexus -neck forced laterally to the opposite side

Question 37

pinched nerve- signs

Answer 37

-burning sensation -numbness + tingling -loss of function that can occur for several minutes

Question 38

pinched nerve- care

Answer 38

-stretching + strengthening once symptoms subside -cervical neck collar attachment to shoulder pads for repeated injuries

Question 39

LBP

Answer 39

most common diagnosis for individuals experiencing back pain

Question 40

LBP- cause

Answer 40

-faulty posture -trauma to back

Question 41

LBP- signs

Answer 41

-pain sitting -pain standing -tightness -potentially numbness + tingling

Question 42

LBP- care

Answer 42

-avoid posture + positions that makes the pain worse -strengthening of postural musculature

Question 43

low back muscle strain- cause

Answer 43

-sudden extension with trunk rotation -chronic strain associated with faulty posture

Question 44

low back muscle strain- signs

Answer 44

-discomfort -pain may be diffused or localized

Question 45

low back muscle strain- care

Answer 45

-POLICE -gradual program of stretching + strengthening

Question 46

sciatica- cause

Answer 46

inflammatory condition of the sciatic nerve due to compression or chronic LBP

Question 47

sciatica- signs

Answer 47

-sharp shooting pain radiating down into the athlete's leg -numbness + tingling

Question 48

sciatica- care

Answer 48

-rest is essential -anti-inflammatory medication

Question 49

herniated lumbar disc- cause

Answer 49

-forward bending + twisting -most common herniation L4-L5

Question 50

herniated lumbar disc- signs

Answer 50

-centrally located pain that radiates on one side -symptoms worse in the morning -straight leg raise increases pain

Question 51

herniated lumbar disc- care

Answer 51

-POLICE -MRI to confirm diagnosis -core stabilization program

Question 52

spondylolysis + spondylolisthesis- cause

Answer 52

-degeneration of the vertebrae -defect in the pars interarticularis -spondylolisthesis is a complication of spondylolysis, often resulting in hypermobility of a vertebral segment -direct blow or sudden twist

Question 53

spondylolysis + spondylolisthesis- signs

Answer 53

-aching pain -back stiffness -pain after activity, not during

Question 54

spondylolysis + spondylolisthesis- care

Answer 54

-rest -bracing -trunk stabilization exercises