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ATR2010 > Remaining Exam 3 Material [CH 22] > Flashcards

Remaining Exam 3 Material [CH 22] Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

anatomy of the head

A

-skull
-brain
-meninges

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2
Q

skull

A

composed of 22 bones

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3
Q

brain

A

-contained within the bony cavity of the cranium
-divided into 4 sections
-cerebrum coordinates all voluntary muscle activities + higher mental functions
-cerebellum = balance + coordination

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4
Q

cerebrum function

A

coordinates all voluntary muscle activities + higher mental functions

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5
Q

cerebellum function

A

balance + coordination

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6
Q

meninges

A

3 membranes that protect the brain + spinal cord
-dura mater, outer
-arachnoid, middle
-pia mater, inner

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7
Q

outer meninges

A

dura mater

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8
Q

middle meninges

A

arachnoid

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9
Q

inner meninges

A

pia mater

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10
Q

assessing head injuries- history

A

-do you know where you are?
-can you tell me what happened to you?
-does your head hurt?
-do you have any pain in your neck?

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11
Q

assessing head injuries- observation

A

-is the athlete able to tell where he or she is?
-is there a blank or vacant stare?
-are there delayed verbal + motor responses?

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12
Q

assessing head injuries- palpation

A

palpation of the skull to identify areas of point tenderness or deformity

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13
Q

special tests for head injuries

A

-neurological exam
-eye function (PEARL- pupils, equal, accommodate, round + light)
-balance tests
-coordination tests
-cognitive tests (SCAT 5, IMPACT)

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14
Q

what makes brain injuries special

A

-most of the time brain injuries won’t show up in imaging, so must base diagnosis more off symptoms
-a lot of athletes lie so they can get back into the game- to avoid this, do baseline tests so you can compare after brain injury

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15
Q

skull fx- cause

A

-blunt trauma
-baseball to the head or fall from a height

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16
Q

skull fx- signs

A

-severe headache + nausea
-palpation may reveal skull indentation
-racoon eyes or battle’s sign

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17
Q

racoon eyes

A

bruising in a butterfly pattern on the face
-2 black eyes at the same time

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18
Q

battle’s sign

A

-bruising on the back of the ear
-indicates baselar skull fx, aka broken base of the skull
-important because a lot of the stuff that keeps you alive goes through the base of your skull
-HIGH DEATH RISK

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19
Q

skull fx- care

A

-immediate hospitalization
-referral to neurosurgeon

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20
Q

concussion- cause

A

-a type of traumatic brain injury
-trauma-induced alternation of mental status
-direct blow to the head by some object (ball or other player)

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21
Q

concussion- signs

A

-headache
-dizziness
-LOC (loss of consciousness)
-feeling “in a fog”

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22
Q

concussion- care

A

-a concussion is a concussion, there is no such thing as a “mild concussion”
-athlete must be removed from competition
-not allowed to return to competition until cleared by a physician

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23
Q

post concussion syndrome- cause

A

poorly understood condition

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24
Q

post concussion syndrome- signs

A

-persistent headache
-impaired memory
-lack of concentration
-irritability

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25
post concussion syndrome- care
-no clear-cut treatment -athlete shouldn't be allowed to return to play until all the symptoms of this condition have resolved
26
school recommendations for return to learning protocol
-cognitive rest 1-3 days- yoga, meditation, no screen use -light cognitive- listening to music, playing familiar games -1/2 school days -full school days
27
second impact syndrome- cause
result of rapid swelling of the brain following a second concussion occurring before the symptoms of a previous concussion have been resolved
28
second impact syndrome- signs
-within 15 seconds to several minutes, the condition worsens rapidly -dilated pupils -LOC -coma
29
second impact syndrome- care
-life-threatening emergency -must be dealt with within 5 minutes by dramatic life saving measures
30
cerebral contusion- care
usually results from an impact injury in which the head strikes a stationary immovable object such as the floor
31
cerebral contusion- signs
-LOC -neurological exam is normal -headache -dizziness
32
cerebral contusion- care
hospitalization with a variety of imaging tests
33
epidural hematoma- cause
a blow to the head that can cause a tear of the meningeal arteries embedded in bony grooves in the skull
34
epidural hematoma- signs
-symptoms worsen quickly -LOC -severe head pain -dizziness -nausea
35
epidural hematoma- care
-life-threatening -CT scan to diagnose
36
subdural hematoma- cause
-results from acceleration/deceleration forces that tear vessels that bridge the dura mater + the brain -signs tend to appear more slowly
37
subdural hematoma- signs
-may be unconscious -headache -dizziness -dilation of 1 pupil
38
subdural hematoma- care
-life threatening -CT or MRI necessary
39
migraine headaches- cause
-exact cause unknown -may be caused by a vascular disorder
40
migraine headaches- signs
-flashes of light -blindness in half of the field of vision -severe headache -nausea + vomiting
41
migraine headaches- care
-best management is prevention -prophylactic medications to reduce recurrence
42
mandible fx- cause
-most often occur in collision sports -direct blow
43
mandible fx- signs
-deformity -pain when biting down -bleeding around teeth
44
mandible fx- care
-temporary immobilization with an elastic bandage -full activity can be resumed in 2-3 months with appropriate special headgear + customized mouthguard
45
zygomatic complex (cheekbone) fx- cause
direct blow to the cheekbone
46
zygomatic complex (cheekbone) fx- signs
-obvious deformity -nosebleed (epistaxis) -seeing double (diplopia)
47
zygomatic complex (cheekbone) fx- care
-cold application for edema control -healing takes 6-8 weeks -proper protective gear when returning
48
facial laceration- cause
direct impact to the fact with a sharp object
49
facial laceration- signs
-obvious tearing of the epidermis, dermis, + often the subcutaneous of the skin -substantial bleeding
50
facial laceration- care
-refer to physician for suturing -systemic antibiotics to avoid infection
51
what is a tooth made of
a composite of mineral salts -calcium + phosphorus
52
crown
portion protruding from the gum -top part of tooth
53
root
-extends into the alveolar bone of the mouth -nerves + blood vessels below the root
54
tooth fx- cause
-any impact to the upper or lower jaw -direct trauma
55
tooth fx- signs
-depends on depth of the fx -uncomplicated crown fx no bleeding -root fx has bleeding in the gum
56
tooth fx- care
-athlete referred to a dentist for further eval -x-ray
57
tooth subluxation, luxation, + avulsion- cause
direct blow to the mouth
58
tooth subluxation, luxation, + avulsion- signs
-tooth loosened -tooth totally dislodged -may not have pain -avulsion- tooth knocked completely out of the mouth
59
tooth subluxation, luxation, + avulsion- care
-for subluxation + luxation, no immediate treatment required...see dentist within 48 hours -for avulsion, the athlete should be referred immediately -the sooner the tooth can be re-implanted the better the prognosis
60
nasal fx- cause
direct blow to the nose -from the side or straight frontal force
61
nasal fx- signs
-obvious deformity -swelling -bleeding
62
nasal fx- care
control bleeding + refer athlete to a physician for an x-ray + reduction of the fx
63
septal hematoma- cause
-due to the fx of the cartilaginous portion of the nasal septum -forceful blow to the nasal tip
64
septal hematoma- signs
-persistent low-grade pain in the septal area -persistent nasal congestion -symptoms don't show for at least 24-48 hours after nasal injury
65
septal hematoma- care
hematoma must be drained
66
another name for nosebleed
epistaxis
67
nosebleed (epistaxis)- cause
-direct blow to the nose -sinus infection -high humidity -nasal dryness
68
nosebleed (epistaxis)- signs
obvious bleeding
69
nosebleed (epistaxis)- care
-sit upright with cold compress placed over nose -control bleeding
70
external ear (2)
-pinna -external auditory canal
71
middle ear (1)
tympanic membrane
72
internal ear (1)
cochlea
73
another name for auricular hematoma
cauliflower ear
74
auricular hematoma (cauliflower ear)- cause
-compression -shearing
75
auricular hematoma (cauliflower ear)- signs
-hemorrhage -fluid accumulation -fibrosis outer ear
76
auricular hematoma (cauliflower ear)- care
-headgear reduces chances of developing hematoma -cold pack immediately -aspiration may be required
77
tympanic membrane rupture- cause
-fall or slap to the unprotected ear -sudden underwater pressure variation
78
tympanic membrane rupture- signs
-athlete c/o loud pop followed by ear pain -nausea + vomiting -dizziness
79
tympanic membrane rupture- care
usually heals within 1-2 weeks
80
another name for swimmers ear
otitis externa
81
swimmers ear (otitis externa)- cause
-bacterial infection of the ear canal -water trapped in ear
82
swimmers ear (otitis externa)- signs
-itching -discharge -partial hearing loss
83
swimmers ear (otitis externa)- care
-drying ears with a soft towel -ear drops -referral to physician
84
middle ear infection (otitis media)- cause
inflammation + infection
85
middle ear infection (otitis media)- signs
-intense ear pain -fluid draining from the ear canal -transient loss of hearing
86
middle ear infection (otitis media)- care
antibiotics
87
cornea
transparent covering of pupil
88
pupil
central opening of the eye
89
iris
colored portion of the eye
90
lens
converts light to image via optic nerve
91
orbital hematoma- cause
direct contact to the eye
92
orbital hematoma- signs
-subconjunctival hemorrhage -faulty vision
93
orbital hematoma- care
-cold application -athlete should not blow nose (might increase hemorrhaging)
94
orbital fx- cause
blow to the eye (ex: baseball)
95
orbital fx- signs
-diplopia (double vision) -eye stuck in an upward gaze -soft tissue swelling + hemorrhage
96
orbital fx- care
-antibiotics to decrease likelihood of infection -may be treated surgically
97
hyphema- cause
blunt blow to the anterior aspect of the eye
98
hyphema- signs
-reddish tinge in the anterior chamber -blood starts to settle inferiorly -blood may turn pea green -vision partially blocked
99
hyphema- care
-immediate referral to a physician -bed rest with head elevated 3-45 degrees -patching of both eyes
100
retinal detachment- cause
blow to the athlete's eye separating the retina from its underlying attachment
101
retinal detachment- signs
-painless -seeing specks floating before the eye -flashes of light -blurred vision
102
retinal detachment- care
-bed rest with patches on both eyes -referred to ophthalmologist to determine if surgery is necessary
103
another name for acute conjunctivitis
pink eye
104
acute conjunctivitis (pink eye)- cause
-various bacteria or allergens -dust, pollen, smoke or air pollution
105
acute conjunctivitis (pink eye)- signs
-eyelid swelling -redness -itching -yellow green discharge for bacteria -clear color for viral infection
106
acute conjunctivitis (pink eye)- care
referred to physician

ATR2010 (11 decks)

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