Renal Anatomy

Question 1

What is the kidneys most important function?

Answer 1

Regulation of salt and water balance

Question 2

List the 7 major kidney functions

Answer 2

1. Regulation of ECF volume and BP
2. Regulation of Osmolarity
3. Maintain ion balance
4. Maintenance of body pH
5. Excretion of wastes
6. Production of hormones
7. GLuconeogenesis

Question 3

How do the kidneys regulate ECF volume and BP?

Answer 3

If kidneys filter a lot of water back into the body, that increases EFC volume and blood pressure
-perfect urine has to be the right volume

Question 4

How do the kidneys regulate osmolarity?

Answer 4

When you consume food, the ions that you eat are in the blood plasma and are filtered out or maintained depending on the [ion]

Question 5

How do the kidneys maintain ion balance?

Answer 5

Through specific [ion] maintenance

Question 6

How do the kidneys maintain boy pH?

Answer 6

Keeping the right [ion] allows for the pH to be ~7.2 which is ideal for proteins to keep their shape
-Lungs are main pH maintenance but kidneys help too

Question 7

How do the kidneys excrete waste?

Answer 7

Through creation of urea, ammonia, creatinine

-not good for the body and are easy to filter out because they are water soluble)

Question 8

How do kidneys produce hormones?

Answer 8

Erythroprotein
Vitamin D ( activated within kidneys, they don't actually make it)

Question 9

How is gluconeogenesis done in kidneys?

Answer 9

Can produce glucose from non-carb items such as fat (this is not something you want your kidneys doing all the time because it takes a while and a lot of energy)

Question 10

Where are the kidneys located?

Answer 10

Posteriorly to the abdomen on each side of the spine

-level of the 11th/12th rib

Question 11

What membranes are the kidneys in between?

Answer 11

Membranes that line the abdomen and the bones and muscles of the back
-retroperitoneal

Question 12

Are the kidneys in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What are the Major Calyces?

Answer 13

Large funnel shaped structures within the medulla that collect the processed fluid from the minor calyces

Question 14

What is the Renal Pelvis?

Answer 14

Hallow area at the base of the Medulla where the urine collects from major and minor calyces

Question 15

How does blood enter the kidney?

Answer 15

Through the renal artery

Question 16

How does stuff leave the kidney?

Answer 16

Through the renal vein

Question 17

What is the ureter?

Answer 17

Brings the urine stored in the renal pelvis to the bladder

Question 18

What are nephrons?

Answer 18

The functional filtering unit of the kidneys and are located in the cortex and medulla

Question 19

How many nephrons does each kidney have?

Answer 19

~1 000 000

Question 20

What 2 structures make up the nephron?

Answer 20

Renal Corpuscle and Tubule

Question 21

What is inside the renal corpuscle?

Answer 21

Bowmans Space and The glomerulus

Question 22

How is the Tubule divided?

Answer 22

Based on functional and structural differences

Question 23

What is the tubule made of?

Answer 23

A single layer of epithelial cells

Question 24

Why does the tubule have functional differences?

Answer 24

Gives the nephron the ability to carefully select which items to excrete as urine

Question 25

What are the 4 functionally different parts of the tubule?

Answer 25

1. Proximal tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal Convoluted Tubule 4. Collecting Duct

Question 26

What is the purpose of the collecting duct?

Answer 26

Does something to the filtrate to make it perfect

Question 27

What are the 2 different types of nephrons?

Answer 27

Juxtamedullary and Cortical

Question 28

Since the amount of each nephron varies between species, what happens when you have more juxtamedullary?

Answer 28

You are able to conserve more water. Having more concentrated urine

Question 29

What are the main differences between the 2 types of nephrons?

Answer 29

1. Location within the cortex 2. Loop Length 3. How blood vessels are interwoven around them

Question 30

Why is the medulla striated?

Answer 30

Due to the nephron loops and the collecting ducts

Question 31

Why is the cortex spotted?

Answer 31

Due to all the renal corpuscles being in that area

Question 32

In Humans, what is the ration between the 2 nephrons?

Answer 32

80% cortical | 20% juxamedullary

Question 33

What part of the nephron filters the blood?

Answer 33

Renal corpuscle to produce the ultrafiltrate

Question 34

How does Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus physically contact?

Answer 34

Podocytes

Question 35

What is the Juxtaglomular Apparatus (JGA)?

Answer 35

When part to the ascending loop of Henle pass between the afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 36

What are Macula Densa Cells?

Answer 36

Specialized cells in the late cascading limb of the loop if Henle -detects the filtrate composition, specifically Na and Cl

Question 37

What are podocytes?

Answer 37

Wrap around the capillaries within Bowmans space to restrict items from being filtered

Question 38

What are the Juxtamedular cells?

Answer 38

AKA Granular cells, Located beside the macula dense cells are responsible for producing and releasing the enzyme renin

Question 39

What are fenestrations and where are they located?

Answer 39

Pores between the glomerulus endothelial cells, making it leaky to basically everything except for blood

Question 40

How are the podocytes fused to the endothelial cells of the glomerulus?

Answer 40

Adhere together with with a sticky extracellular matrix called the basal lamina -made of collagens and negatively charged glycoproteins

Question 41

What does the basal lamina mostly trap from filtering?

Answer 41

Plasma proteins

Question 42

What are slit spaces?

Answer 42

The slits between the podocytes to allow filtration | -can get bigger or smaller

Question 43

What are the 3 barriers to filtration?

Answer 43

1. Pore size of the glomerulus 2. Basal Lamina 3. Size of slits between podocytes

Question 44

How much blood do kidneys receive?

Answer 44

20% of total Cardiac output

Question 45

Why do kidneys receive a high amount of blood?

Answer 45

functions to help as maintenance of blood volume and ion balance in which it can be completed more efficiently

Question 46

What are the major components of blood?

Answer 46

1. Plasma | 2. Red and white blood cells

Question 47

What is plasma composed of

Answer 47

``` H2O Dissolved: - Proteins -Glucose -Hormones -CO2 -O2 -Na -K -Cl -Ca -H -HCO3 (bicarbonate) ```

Question 48

What is the order of blood flow in the kidney?

Answer 48

Renal Artery > Afferent Arteriol > Glomerulus (capillary) > Effernt Arteriol > Peritubular Capillaries > Venule > Renal Vein

Question 49

What is the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 49

Takes things from the tubule and puts it back in to the body

Question 50

How much plasma is filtered/day?

Answer 50

180L | -excrete only 1 1/2L or urine/day

Question 51

What are the 3 processes that affect how much fluid is excreted?

Answer 51

Filtration Secretion Reabsorption

Question 52

What is filtration?

Answer 52

Movement of plasma components from the blood to the glomerulus into Bowmans space

Question 53

What is secretion?

Answer 53

From the surrounding capillaries into the filtrate in the tubule

Question 54

What is reabsorption?

Answer 54

From the filtrate in the tubule to the surrounding capillaries

Question 55

What is the equation of hoe much urine is excreted?

Answer 55

Amount filtered - Amount reabsorbed + Amount secreted= Amount of solute excreted