Renal: Compartments

Question 1

humans are X% water

Answer 1

50-60% water

Question 2

water in fat vs water in muscle

Answer 2

more in muscle, less in fat

Question 3

water ratio in women vs men

Answer 3

women have more fat, so less water

Question 4

water ratio in older vs younger

Answer 4

older ppl have more fat, so less water

Question 5

what ratio in chronic illness vs healthy

Answer 5

chronic has less muscle, so less water

Question 6

what happens to male / female water content as age increase

Answer 6

as age goes up, you have less water (more fat) – but, the change for men is less drastic than the change in women

Question 7

where are the three spots that water is located in the body

Answer 7

intracellular, extracellular (interstitial and intravascular)

Question 8

of all the total body fluid how much is ICF? ECF? interstitial? plasma?

Answer 8

2/3 is ICf. 1/3 is ECF. of ecf, 75 - 80 % is interstir, 20 - 25% is plasma

Question 9

what is the role of aquaporins

Answer 9

an integral membrane protein that lets water move across plasma membranes

Question 10

how many aquaporins are in humans

Answer 10

ten types

Question 11

how many types of aquaporins are in the proximal collecting tubule

Answer 11

five types

Question 12

how many aquaprins in the red blood cell

Answer 12

2X10^5 copies per call, allowing for bidirectional movement of water

Question 13

what is a solute vs an ion

Answer 13

ion is a charged solute (particle dissolved in water)

Question 14

what is osmolality

Answer 14

the conc of solute in water

Question 15

what kind of solution has higher osmolality?

Answer 15

a hypertonic solution

Question 16

what regulates the movement of water

Answer 16

the osmostic pressure

Question 17

what is osmotic pressure

Answer 17

the osmolality difference between two solutions

Question 18

what is osmotic force

Answer 18

the movement of water across a semi perm membrane, in response to the osmotic gradient

Question 19

what is the osmotic gradient

Answer 19

the difference is osmolarity in two compartments

Question 20

explain why ecf has more water wrt osmotic gradients

Answer 20

the ecf has less solute, so is hypertonic, so more water can move out of it so that the osmolality of both sides (ecf and icf) can equalize

Question 21

t/f: osmolality is the same in each fluid comp

Answer 21

yes! the overall concentration of any solute:water is the same

Question 22

t/f: solute conc is the same in all fluid comp

Answer 22

NO the actual SOLUTES are different (ie the same solute isnt in each compartment)

Question 23

where is na primarily found

Answer 23

outside of the cell, in the plasma and interstitium

Question 24

where is k primarily found

Answer 24

mostly inside the cell

Question 25

where is cl primarily found

Answer 25

mostly outside the cell, but conc still isnt as much as na

Question 26

where is hco3 primarily found

Answer 26

mostly outside, but way less than na

Question 27

where are large anions and proteins found

Answer 27

inside the cell. note that cell is at osmotic eq, but not chemical eq

Question 28

what does the na - k pump maintain

Answer 28

maintains the difference in the solute concentrations

Question 29

what does the na k atpase do

Answer 29

makes sure that intracell has high k, and extracell has high na. pumps 3 na out, 2 k in, uses one atp

Question 30

what is ouabin

Answer 30

an inhibitor of the nakatpase

Question 31

what is digoxin

Answer 31

an inhibitor of nakatpase

Question 32

why does water cross cell membranes

Answer 32

because solutes are restricted, so to create quillibrium in conc, water has to cross

Question 33

where is anionic sodium restricted to

Answer 33

the ECF

Question 34

what happens when you drink water (wrt ecf)

Answer 34

absorbed from gut into the ecf. ecf conc goes down. water then moves from ecf to icf. overall both ecf and icf vol increase

Question 35

what is a hypotonic solution vs hypertonic solution

Answer 35

hypo is less conc. hyper is more conc. water will move to hypertonic sols to equalize

Question 36

what happens when you eat salt (wrt ecf)

Answer 36

salt will stay in the ecf, causing its osmo to go up. so icf water has to leave to equalize, and cells shrink

Question 37

what determines water movement between interstitial fliud and blood

Answer 37

the leaky exchange epithelium

Question 38

what are starling forces

Answer 38

the forces that determine the movement of fliud between capillaries and interstit

Question 39

what does hydrostatic pressure favour

Answer 39

pushes water from plasma into interstit

Question 40

what does oncotic pressure favour

Answer 40

generated by albumin, keeps water inside blood vessels

Question 41

where is albumin conc the highest

Answer 41

the plasma

Question 42

what is fluid flux

Answer 42

permeability x (hydrostatic pressure grad- oncotic pressure grad)

Question 43

how is hydrostatic pressure generated

Answer 43

generated by heart pumping

Question 44

hydrostatic pressure wants fluid to move in which direction? oncotic pressure?

Answer 44

hstatic: out of caps. ocotic: into caps

Question 45

where is movement regulated by gradients? by starling forces?