Renal failure And AKI/ARF Flashcards
(30 cards)
state the anatomical location of the kidneys
L1-L3
Which kidney is lower the right or the left ?
Right because of the liver
State the 4 functions of the kidney 😭
- Filters blood, i.e 1) excretes metabolic waste, 2) regulates composition of blood and volume
- EPO- Red bloods cells
- Renin- regulates BP
- Active Vitamin D production: 1,25-DHC
State the 3 ways in which the kidneys filter the blood
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
State the function of the ureter
Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
State the the function of the bladder
Stores urines. Urine enters from the ureters and exits from the urethra
LOOK at Sum notes for anatomy
Ok
What are the 3 commonest causes of renal failure ?
SIN:
Sepsis
Ischaemia
Nephrotoxins
What 2 things are the pre-renal causes of renal failure based on ?
1) sudden drop in BP, i.e, renal hypoperfusion due to haemorrhage
2) obstruction of the kidneys
What are the 2 groups that the pre-renal causes of a sudden drop in BP (Renal hypo-perfusion) and state the cause of each
1) shock: hypovalemic(burns), septic, cardiogenic (MI)
2) drugs: diuretics
What are the pre-renal causes of renal failure based on obstruction of the kidneys
? (3) 😭
RDT
1) renal artery stenosis
2) Drugs: ACEis and NSAIDS
3) Thrombosis/Emboli due to AF, MI, IE, aneurysms etc
State the 4 groups that the renal causes of RF can be grouped into ?
- Tubular 2. Interstitial 3. Glomerular 4.Vascular
State the main tubular renal/AKI cause that leads to RF ?
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
State the 2 main causes of ATN that lead to AKI
1) pre-renal damage
2) nephrotoxins e.g. Aminoglycosides
State the 5 other renal causes of tubular damage/AKI that lead to RF ?
- Radiological contrast
- Myoglobinea in rhabdomyosis
- Crystal damage
- Myeloma
- Hypercalcaemia
State the renal causes of interstitial damage that lead to RF
Due to infiltrative disorders
1) TB
2) Lymphoma
3) tumour lysis syndrome following chemotherapy
State the renal causes of glomerular damage that lead to RF (3) 😭
Due to autoimmune disorders
- SLE
- HTP
- Glomerulonephritis
State the 2 groups that the renal causes of vascular damage can be spilt into and state the causes of each 😭
- Large vessel: RA/V thrombosis/emboli
2. Small vessel: vasculitis
State the 3 groups that the post-renal causes of RF can be grouped into
- luminal
- mural
- extrinsic compression
State the post-renal causes of RF based on the 3 groups
- luminal: stones and clots
- mural: malignancy (bladder, prostate, ureter); BPH, strictures
- extrinsic compression: 1. Pelvic malignancy, 2. Retroperitoneal fibrosis
List the common causes of AKI
Renal tubular Causes (main and others) and pre-renal causes
What is ARF ? 😭*2
ARF is an abrupt deterioration of parencyhmal renal function, which is reversible
What 2 things is the decrease in renal function in ARF characterised by ?
- Oliguria 2.Uraemia
The biochemical features of ARF can be spilt into 2 groups, what are they ?
- Raised serum creatinine and loss of urine output
2. Electrolyte imbalance
