Renal Function

Question 1

1-1.5million functional units in the kidney

Answer 1

nephrons

Question 2

Identify the nephron:

responsible for the removal of wastes and reabsorption of nutrients in the kidney

Answer 2

cortical nephrons

Question 3

Identify the nephron:

responsible for the concentration of urine

Answer 3

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 4

give the 4 renal functions

Answer 4

1. renal blood flow
2. filtration (glomerular)
3. reabsorption (PCT)
4. secretion (PCT)

Question 5

in what tubule does the reabsorption of essential substances happen?

Answer 5

proximal convoluted tubule (pct)

Question 6

in what tubule does the final adjustment of urinary composition happen?

Answer 6

distal convoluted tubule (dct)

Question 7

Where do the major water and salt exchanges occur between the blood and medullary interstitium?

Answer 7

loops of Henle

Question 8

total renal blood flow per minute

Answer 8

1200mL/min

Question 9

total renal plasma flow per minute

Answer 9

600-700mL/min

Question 10

beginning of the renal tubule

Answer 10

Bowman’s capsule

Question 11

serves as a nonselective filter of plasma substances

Answer 11

glomerulus

Question 12

Where does the glomerulus reside?

Answer 12

inside the Bowman’s capsule

Question 13

intertwining foot processes seen in the inner layer of Bowman’s capsule

Answer 13

podocytes

Question 14

primary protein with positive charge assoc. with renal disease

Answer 14

albumin

Question 15

What phenomenon repels positive charge molecules (e.g., albumin) in the glomerular filtration barrier?

Answer 15

shield of negativity

Question 16

What system regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus?

Answer 16

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Question 17

components of juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 17

juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arterioles and macula densa of DCT

Question 18

What monitors the changes in BP and plasma sodium content?

Answer 18

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 19

an enzyme produced by juxtaglomerular cells that react with angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I

Answer 19

renin

Question 20

a hormone that causes vasodilation of afferent arteriole + constriction of efferent arteriole → release of aldosterone and ADH

Answer 20

angiotensin II

Question 21

What is the difference between the compositions of filtrate and plasma?

Answer 21

absence of plasma protein, any protein-bound substances, and cells

Question 22

specific gravity of urine

Answer 22

1.010

Question 23

Identify the cellular mechanism involved in tubular reabsorption:

• substance to be absorbed is bound to carrier protein
• needs electrochemical energy

Answer 23

active transport

Question 24

Identify the cellular mechanism involved in tubular reabsorption:

• molecules move due to differences in their concentration or electric potential on opposite sides of the membrane

Answer 24

passive transport

Question 25

Identify the cellular mechanism involved in tubular reabsorption: - glucose, amino acids, and salts - chloride - sodium

Answer 25

active transport

Question 26

Identify the cellular mechanism involved in tubular reabsorption: - water - urea - sodium

Answer 26

passive transport

Question 27

Identify the location and mechanism of transport: - glucose, amino acids, salts

Answer 27

active - PCT

Question 28

Identify the location and mechanism of transport: - chloride

Answer 28

active - ascending loop of Henle

Question 29

Identify the location and mechanism of transport: - sodium

Answer 29

active - pct and dct passive (w/chloride) - ascending loop of Henle

Question 30

Identify the location and mechanism of transport: water

Answer 30

passive - pct, descending loop of Henle, collecting duct

Question 31

Identify the location and mechanism of transport: urea

Answer 31

passive - pct, ascending loop of Henle

Question 32

True or False: Passive reabsorption of water takes place in all parts of the nephron except the ascending loop of Henle

Answer 32

True

Question 33

plasma concentration at which active transport stops

Answer 33

renal threshold

Question 34

renal threshold of glucose

Answer 34

160-180mL

Question 35

What is the cause of the presence of glucose in the urine?

Answer 35

tubular damage

Question 36

Where does renal concentration begin?

Answer 36

loops of Henle

Question 37

selective reabsorption process that serves to maintain the osmotic gradient of the medulla

Answer 37

countercurrent mechanism

Question 38

Where does the final concentration of urine happen?

Answer 38

collecting ducts

Question 39

What happens to water reabsorption and urine volume if ADH decreases?

Answer 39

↑H2O and ↑Urine Volume

Question 40

What happens to water reabsorption and urine volume if ADH increases?

Answer 40

↓H2O and ↓Urine Volume

Question 41

What controls the production of aldosterone?

Answer 41

salt

Question 42

2 major functions of tubular secretion

Answer 42

1. waste elimination 2. regulation of acid-base balance

Question 43

major site of removal of unfiltered substances

Answer 43

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 44

normal blood pH

Answer 44

7.4

Question 45

True or False: Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) are excreted in the urine.

Answer 45

False (it is reabsorbed back into the blood to maintain its pH)

Question 46

What tubules/ducts produce ammonium ions?

Answer 46

pct (main) for additional needs: dct and collecting duct

Question 47

inability to produce an acid urine

Answer 47

metabolic acidosis/renal tubular acidosis

Question 48

In what loop of Henle reabsorbs water?

Answer 48

descending

Question 49

In what loop of Henle reabsorbs sodium and chloride?

Answer 49

ascending

Question 50

earliest glomerular filtration test for urea

Answer 50

urea clearance

Question 51

Original reference method for clearance tests (golden standard)

Answer 51

inulin clearance

Question 52

What is the most common glomerular function test that uses 24-hour urine collection?

Answer 52

Creatinine clearance

Question 53

substrate for renin enzyme

Answer 53

angiotensin