Renal Pathology Flashcards
(43 cards)
Renal hypoplasia is …….
failure of the kidney to reach the normal weight
- Usually unilateral
- There is decreases number of calyces and lobules
Define Horseshoe kidney
The fusion of the two kidneys at the lower pole
* Normal function, but may cause calculi
Define childhood polycystic disease
- Autosomal recessive
- Progressive renal failure, with subsequent liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension
- Multiple cysts in the cortex and medulla
- There is dilatation of the tubules
- Liver cysts may also present
Define Adult polycystic disease
- Autosomal dominant
- Renal insufficiency in middle age, hematuria, hypertension
- Also, Berry aneurysm & liver cysts, colonic diverticula, mitral valve disease
- Cysts involve less than 10% of nephrons, but they expand later to interfere with function
What is the effect of T4, T3 and cortisol on blood pressure?
Increase BP
What is the effect of high BP on the kidney?
Atrophy and scarring of the glomeruli
In renal failure, ….. & …… can not be synthesized properly
Prostoglandins & Kinins
Malignant hypertension is …..
BP above 200/140 mm Hg, leads to acute end organ damage
* Usually in poorly controlled patient
What are the clinical features of malignant hypertension??
- Increased intracranial pressure: will cause, papilledema, headache, vomiting, scotoma (vision change), subarachnoid & intracerebral bleeding
- Left heart failure.
- Malignant nephrosclerosis: proteinuria, hematuria, acute renal failure
What are the forms of glomerular responses to injury?
- Cellular proliferation: of mesangial, endothelial & epithelial cells
2 Thickening of basement membrane - Leukocytic infilteration: of monocytes & neutrophils
- Sclerosis and hyalinization
Glomerulonephritis may result from anti bodies against :
- Basement membrane: example is Goodpasture syndrome
- Antibodies against any other glomerular antigen
- Ag-Ab complex may get trapped withing the glomeruli resulting in injury. The antigen could be exogenous (eg. serum sickness) or endogenous (eg. SLE with DNA-anti-DNA complex)
Nephrotic syndrome is a tetrad of …….
Proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome children & adults?
- Children: Lipoid nephrosis (minimal change disease)
2. Adults: Membranous glomerulonephritis (idiopathic)
Rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis is …..
rapidly deteriorating renal function accompanying glomerular injury
* Also called crescentic GN
Acute poststreptococcal GN is ……
immune related GN due to “skin” or throat infection. More in children
- Lab work show elevated antistreptolysin O (ASLO) titers and low complement
- The disease is probably related to immune complex deposition
Lipoid nephorsis is ……..
Nephrotic syndrome due to allergy, medications or hematologic malignancy
- Loss of visceral epithelial cells (podocyte) foot processes
- More in children, 2-3 years of age
- Complete recovery is expected
- Called minimal change disease
Membranoproliferative GN is ……
a mixed nephritic/nephrotic syndrome.
Antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane will cause ……..
rapidly progressing GN.
* Add pulmonary involvement and you get Goodpasture
The final stage of glomerular disease is ……..
chronic glomerulonephritis
* There is anemia, anorexia, hypertension, azotemia, nausea & vomiting, proteinuria
The most common cause for acute renal failure is ……
acute tubular necrosis
What are the types of acute tubular necrosis?
And what is the pathogenesis?
- Ischemic: most common, due to hypotension, renal vasoconstriction, shock
- Nephrotoxic: due to drugs (polymyxin, methicillin, sulfonamide), metals (mercury, lead, gold) etc…
* These lead to: vasoconstriction & decrease GFR, tubular obstruction, back leakage of fluid (into the interstitium), decrease glomerular permeability
* Prognosis is excellent
Tubulointerstitial disease is ………., it is cause by …….
Infection of everything but the glomerulus. Caused by G-ve bacilli (E. Coli, proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter) or Strep faecalis
- More common in females, since the urethra is shorter
- Infection ascends from urethra to the kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis may cause ……
renal failure due to parenchymal scarring
Toxic nephritis is ……
hypersensitivity reaction to infections or drugs (analgesics or antibiotics)
* Results in interstitial edema, mononuclear infiltrate, and renal necrosis
