Renal system

Question 1

Layers of Nephron

Answer 1

Cortex
Outer medulla (Outer stripe, Inner stripe)
Inner medulla

Question 2

Renal corpuscle

Answer 2

Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

Question 3

Renal corpuscle formation

Answer 3

Blind ended tube attracted to blood vessel (insinuation) forming capillary tuft (Glomerulus / Glomerular capillaries) then into a renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus)

Question 4

Mesangial cell

Answer 4

Helps phagocytose and modulate how leaky the filtration unit is (contraction and relaxation)

Question 5

Podocytes

Answer 5

Glomerular (visceral epithelium)

Question 6

Juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 6

Granular cells (myoepithelial cells) in the media of the arteriole (produce renin)

Question 7

Pale cells

Answer 7

Modified extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 8

Dense spots of Macula densa

Answer 8

Sample the tubule (sensors)

Question 9

What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 9

Juxtaglomerular cells
Pale cells
Macula densa

Question 10

Urinary pole

Answer 10

Region of the renal corpuscle where the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) begins.

Question 11

Vascular pole

Answer 11

Afferent and efferent arteriole end

Question 12

Filtration & reabsorption amount

Answer 12

1700 litres/day through glomerular capillaries
180 litres/day plasma filtered
1.5 litres urine/day

Question 13

Components of filter

Answer 13

Endothelium of capillary
Basement membrane
Slit pores (covered by a slit membrane) between podocytes
Surface coat of processes

Question 14

Basal lamina components

Answer 14

Lamina rara interna
Lamina densa
Lamina rara externa

Question 15

Basal lamina

Answer 15

Collagen fibres in a glycoprotein matrix (proteoglycans)

Question 16

Diaphragm function

Answer 16

In between epithelial foot processes. Cell-surface proteins (nephrin, podocalyxin and P-cadherin) restrict the passage of large macromolecules (e.g serum albumin and gamma globulin)

Question 17

What gets through the diaphragm

Answer 17

Particles can get through, but the negative charge of the surface coat (acidic glycoproteins) help repel negatively charged proteins back into the bloodstream. Size, shape and charge are important

Question 18

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 18

Reabsorption of water, ions and all organic nutrients

Question 19

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 19

Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins. Variable reabsorption of water, sodium ions and calcium ions (under hormonal control)

Question 20

Renal corpuscle function

Answer 20

Production of filtrate

Question 21

Nephron loop

Answer 21

Further reabsorption of water (descending limb) and both sodium and chloride ions (ascending limb)

Question 22

Connecting tubules and collecting duct function

Answer 22

Variable reabsorption of water and reabsorption or secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

Question 23

Papillary duct

Answer 23

Delivery of urine to minor calyx

Question 24

Common features between epithelial tubular cells of different regions of the nephron

Answer 24

Cytoplasmic processes interdigitate
Zonula occludens (tight junction) at luminal surface
Basal lamina continuous
Intercellular space is continuous with the peritubular space

Question 25

Label this ting blud

Answer 25

1. Renal capsule 2. Cortex 3. Medulla 4. Medullary Ray 5. Papilla 6. Calyx 7. Pelvis 8. Ureter

Question 26

Label this ting blud

Answer 26

1. Renal column 2. Medullary Ray 3. Cortex 4. Medulla 5. Minor Calyx 6. Papilla

Question 27

Order of blood supply of multilobar kidney

Answer 27

Aorta Renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar Arcuate artery Interlobular artery Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent Arteriole

Question 28

Blood supply to outer cortex

Answer 28

Capillaries of cortex Stellate vein Interlobular vein Arcuate vein Interlobar vein Renal vein Inferior Vena Cava

Question 29

Inner Cortex blood supply

Answer 29

Arterial (descending) Vasa recta Capillaries of Medulla Venous (Ascending) Vasa Recta Arcuate Vein

Question 30

Vasa recta

Answer 30

Thin-walled vessels, with larger lumen than capillaries

Question 31

Label this ting blud

Answer 31

1. Endothelium 2. Lamina rara interna 3. Lamina Densa 4. Lamina rara externa 5. Epithelial foot processes 6. Basal lamina

Question 32

Label this ting blud

Answer 32

1.Proximal convoluted tubule 2.Basement membrane 3. Erythrocytes 4. Glomerular basement membrane 5. Capsular (parietal) epithelium 6. Juxtaglomerular cells 7. Afferent arteriole 8. Smooth muscle cells in media 9. Distal tubule 10. Macula densa 11. Efferent arteriole 12. Pale cells 13. Glomerular (visceral) epithelium 14. Endothelium 15. Mesangial cell 16. Glomerular capillaries

Question 33

Epithelium of urethra and bladder

Answer 33

Bladder: transitional -> stratified columnar -> stratified squamous (outside)

Question 34

Transitional epithelium

Answer 34

Surrounded by a smooth muscle layer and fibro-elastic connective tissue Urine proofed - with tight junctions between cells and a specialised cell membrane on luminal side