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MEDSCI201 > Neural > Flashcards

Neural Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What does the Somatic Motor System do?

A

Provides conscious, voluntary control over skeletal muscles.

Motor commands are issued by the primary cortex in response to conscious decision to make a specific movement

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2
Q

Primary Motor cortex. (M1)

A

Pyramidal cells from layer of the cerebral cortex synapse with the brainstem or spinal cord.

Regions of the primary motor cortex map to regions of the body and this be represented as a motor homunculus

Greater control required - larger area assigned of M1

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3
Q

Motor pathways in the CNS and PNS

A

Upper motor neuron - cranial nerve nuclei / somatic motor nuclei of brainstem-> skeletal muscle of face, hand and neck

Lower motor nuclei - somatic motor nuclei of spinal cord -> skeletal muscle of lower body

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4
Q

Upper limbs

A
  • pyramids to lateral corticospinal tract
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5
Q

Decussation of Lateral corticospinal tract

A

85% of UMN - controlling more distal muscles - e.g hand

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6
Q

Decussation of Anterior corticospinal tract

A

15% - control more proximal or axial muscles

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7
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sense of where our muscles are in space

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8
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

sensing tension - prevent damage

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9
Q

Muscle spindle afferents

A

Control muscle length

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10
Q

Muscle spindle afferents of lower body pathway

A

To Clarke’s’ nucleus to dorsal spinocerebellar tract to cerebellum and dorsal column nuclei

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11
Q

Muscle spindle afferents, upper body pathway

A

Straight to cerebellum and dorsal column nuclei

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12
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Receptors in our skin
Have different structures and location

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13
Q

Merkel cells

A

Fine touch and detail

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14
Q

Free nerve ending

A

light, pain, temperature

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15
Q

Tactile corpuscle

A

vibration

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16
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

Pressure

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17
Q

Lamellated corpuscle

A

Vibration

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18
Q

Exteroreceptors, proprioceptors of back, body wall and limbs

A

From dorsal and ventral ramus respectively and travel to the somatic sensory area

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19
Q

Interoceptors

A

Travel to the visceral sensory area

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20
Q

Posterior-column pathway function

A

carries proprioception, fine touch, pressure and vibration

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21
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract function

A

carries crude touch and pressure sensations

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22
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract function

A

carries pain and temperature sensations

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23
Q

Sensory modality arrangement

A

Fine touch, pressure, vibration, pain and temp, crude touch

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24
Q

Somatotopic arrangement

A

Different info from different sources is carried in different parts

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25
Medial-lateral rule
Leg in middle Arm on outside In terms of spinal cord
26
Medial lemniscus pathway
Axons of first order neurons enter spinal cord through dorsal root and ascend the fasciculus cuneatus or grailus
27
Fasciculus cuneatus
upper body
28
Fasciculus gracilus
lower body
29
Nucleus cuneatus and gracilus
Second order neurons that synapse in the thalamus. Axons decussate here
30
Medial lemniscus
carries axons and synapses in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPN) of the thalamus to third order neurons
31
Reflex arc
allows for immediate involuntary response to stimuli
32
Monosynaptic
Involves a peripheral sensory neuron and a central motor neuron. Stimulation will lead to a reflexive contraction in a skeletal muscle
33
Polysynaptic
Polysynaptic reflex circuit involves a sensory neuron, interneurons and motor neurons. Stimulation of receptor leads to coordinated contractions of two different skeletal muscles
34
Nerve plexuses
Adjacent spinal nerves blend their fibres to produce a series of compound nerve trunks. This interwoven network of nerves is a called a nerve plexus
35
Four nerve plexus
Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus
36
Brachial plexus
C5-T1 Innervates the upper limb The root emerging from C5-T1 unite to form the superior, middle and inferior trunks and they divide into posterior and anterior division
37
Lateral cord
Anterior divisions of superior and middle trunk
38
Posterior cord
Posterior division of all three trunks
39
Medial cord
Anterior division of the inferior trunk
40
Nerves of the arm and forearm
Musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve and ulnar nerve
41
Musculocutaneous nerve
Innervates muscles of the anterior arm. Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm - lateral aspect of forearm Nerve roots C5-7
42
Radial nerve
Innervates muscles of the posterior arm and posterior compartment of the forearm Nerve roots C5-T1
43
Lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
Innervates the lateral aspect of the upper arm, below the delts C5-C6
44
Posterior cutaneous nerve of arm
Innervates the posterior surface of the upper arm C6-C8
45
Posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm
Innervates a strip of skin down the middle of the posterior forearm C6-C8
46
Superficial branch of radial nerve
Innervates the dorsal surface of the hand and lateral 3 and half digits and dorsum of thumb C7-C8
47
Median nerve
Innervates muscles of the anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm. Thenar muscles of the hand and first two lumbricals Nerve roots C6-T1
48
Palmar cutaneous branch of radial
Innervates lateral aspect of palm
49
Palmar digital cutaneous branch of radial
Innervates the palmar surface and fingertips of the lateral three and half digits
50
Ulnar nerve
Innervates two muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm: flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris Nerve roots: C8-T1
51
Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar
Innervates the skin of the medial half of the palm
52
Dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar
Innervates skin of dorsal surface of medial aspect of the hand and medial one and half fingers
53
Superficial branch of ulnar
Innervates the palmar surface of the medial one and a half fingers
54
Axillary Nerve
Gives of superior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm, which innervates the inferior region of the deltoid. C5-C6 Deltoids, teres major
55
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve from medial cord
Innervates medial surface of upper arm
56
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve of medial cord
Innervates anterior surface of the arm and medial surface of the lower arm
57
Brachial plexus injury
Traumatic injury that involves damage to the shoulder or arm can cause damage to the brachial plexus
58
Erbs palsy
C5-C6 superior trunk Musculocutaneous and axillary nerve Loss of function of shoulder and upper arm - usually permanent -> muscle wasting of upper arm
59
Klumpke's Palsy
C8-T1 inferior trunk Loss of function of the lower arm, wrist and fingers
60
Musculocutaneous nerve injury
Flexion of the shoulder and elbow and supination of forearm are weakened Pec and brachioradialis unaffected Loss of sensation (lateral aspect)
61
Radial nerve injury - In Axilla
Loss of function of all muscles innervated by radial nerve. Wrist drop Loss of sensation
62
Radial nerve injury - in radial groove
Weakening of triceps, loss of function of muscles in posterior forearm. Some innervation of triceps above radial groove
63
Radial nerve injury in forearm - Deep branch (posterior interosseous nerve)
Majority of muscles in posterior forearm are affected. Wrist drop doesn't occur. Some innervation occurs at top of forearm.
64
Radial nerve injury in forearm - Superficial branch
Loss of sensation of dorsal three and half of digits
65
Median nerve injury
Damage at elbow, pronation of forearm affected, weak flexion of the wrist, opposition of thumb and flexion of first two fingers affected. Damage at wrist - Thenar muscles and lateral two lumbricals. Opposition of thumb and flexion of first two fingers affected
66
Median nerve injury - carpal tunnel syndrome
Caused by nerve being trapped in carpal tunnel Leads to numbness of areas of hand innervated by median nerve Get thenar wasting
67
Ulnar nerve injury
Damage to medial epicondyle, flexion of wrist can still occur but is accompanied by abduction Get impairment of muscles of the hand innervated by ulnar nerve. Finger ab/adduction affection with flex/extension of index and ring finger Loss of sensation from medial aspect of hand and fingers.

MEDSCI201 (21 decks)

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