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MEDSCI201 > Rote learning Test 1 > Flashcards

Rote learning Test 1 Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Villus

A

Branch of the placenta

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2
Q

Trophoblasts

A

Epithelial cells unique to the placenta - multiple subtypes all derived from trophectoderm of the blastocyst

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3
Q

Villous cytotrophoblast

A

Trophoblast progenitor cell type found mainly in the first trimester underlying the syncytiotrophoblast

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4
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Surface layer of the placenta formed by fusion of VCTB. STB does not replicate but is replaced by fusion of additional VCTB

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5
Q

Extravillous cytotrophoblast

A

Differentiated cells that have migrated out of the villous placenta towards the maternal tissues

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6
Q

Primitive syncytium

A

The invasive multinucleated cell found in the lacunar phase

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7
Q

Anchoring villi

A

Anchor the placenta to the uterine tissue and also transform the maternal spiral arteries.

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8
Q

Layers of decidua

A

Decidua basalis - the decidua underlying the implantation site

Decidua capsularis - the decidua overlying the implantation site

Decidua peritalis - the decidua around the remainder of the uterus

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9
Q

Hormones influencing breasts

A

Oestrogen - essential for breast growth
Progesterone - induces side branching of ducts
Prolactin - necessary for alveolar development but also stimulates casein and lactalbumin mRNAS
Growth hormone - relate to prolactin
Insulin and cortisol - stimulate alveolar epithelial cell division

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10
Q

Common cardinal vein

A

Drains the embryo

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11
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from placenta to embryo

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12
Q

Vitelline vein

A

Carries nutrient laden blood from the diminishing yolk sac to the Sinus Venosus

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13
Q

Conus cordis

A

Forms the outflow tracts of both ventricles

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14
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

Form proximal aorta and pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

Transfers most of the blood from he pulmonary into the aorta

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16
Q

Placenta blood flow to…

A

Drains oxygen rich blood back via the umbilical vein (liver)

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17
Q

Trachea epi

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

Bronchus epi

A

Psuedostratified Columnar ciliated

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19
Q

lower bronchus epi

A

cuboidal ciliated

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20
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium + goblet cells + stem/basal cells

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21
Q

Gastrin cells (G cells) in stomach

A

Predominate in antrum - secreted when food present Stimulate chief cells (pepsinogen -> pepsin), ECL cells (produce histamine) which stimulate parietal cells (HCl and intrinsic factor which helps uptake of Vit B12)

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22
Q

Secretin cells

A

Stimulate D cells to produce somatostatin (inhibit gastrin) and stimulate bile and pancreatic duct to secrete bicarbonate and water.

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23
Q

Cholecystokinin cells (CCK, I cells)

A

stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile

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24
Q

Somatostatin (SST, D cells)

A

Inhibit parietal cells and ECL cells, thereby inhibiting the function of G-cells

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25
L cell secretions
GLP-1 GLP-2 Oxyntomodulin PYY
26
GLP-1
Many actions - brain, gut (slow gastric emptying) and pancreas - maintain blood glucose levels
27
GLP - 2
Main target is gut - increase nutrient transport and enhance gut surface area
28
Oxyntomodulin
Suppress appetite
29
PYY
Lower enzyme, bicarb and bile secretion - slow gastric emptying
30
K cell hormone
activate GIP (Gastric inhibitory peptide)
31
GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Peptide)
Pancreas - enhance insulin secretion and decrease glucagon secretion
32
P/D1 cells
Secrete Gherlin
33
Ghrelin
Stimulates hunger. Gastric motility and emptying
34
Gastrinoma (Zollinger Ellison Syndrome)
Stomach ulcers and diarrhea
35
Insulinoma
Hypoglycemia
36
Glucagonoma
Hyperglycemia and diabetes
37
Somatostatinoma
Gallstones, intolerance to fat in the diet and fatty diarrhea
38
GI-nets
Serotonin Gastrin Glucagon
39
PNets
Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin Gastrin Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
40
Decidua basalis
The decidua underlying the implantation site
41
Decidua capsularis
The decidua overlying the implantation site
42
Decidua peritalis
Decidua around the remainder of the uterus
43
Oestrogen for breasts
Essential for breast growth
44
Progesterone for breasts
Induces side branching of ducts
45
Prolactin for breasts
Necessary for alveolar development but also stimulates casein and lactalbumin mRNAs
46
Growth hormone for breast
Relate to prolactin - Necessary for alveolar development but also stimulates casein and lactalbumin mRNAs
47
Insulin and cortisol for breasts
Stimulate alveolar epithelial cell division
48
Endocervix epi
single columnar epithelium
49
Ectocervix epi
multi-layered squamous epithelium
50
Transitional zone
forms during menstrual cycle between the two
51
Endometrium changes during the uterine cycle
Menses- Destruction of functional layer Proliferative - Repair and regeneration of functional layer Secretory phases - Secretion of uterine glands
52
What does the ovarian ligament do?
Connects the ovaries to the uterus
53
What does the broad ligament do?
Stops lateral movement of the uterus
54
What does the suspensory ligament do?
Connects the ovaries to the pelvic wall and contains the ovarian arteries/veins
55
Functional layer of endometrium
Stratum functionalis - shed during menstruation
56
Basal layer of endometrium
Stratum basalis - source of regeneration for function layer after menstruation
57
Extravillous trophoblast columns
Group of cells that branch out of anchoring villi and migrate deeper into decidua and spiral arteries
58
Endovascular trophoblasts
Transform spiral arteries - line the blood vessel replacing the endothelial and smooth muscle
59
What is the basement membrane made out of?
Lamina lucida Lamina densa Lamina fibroreticularis
60
Exocrine
released via a duct onto an epithelial surface e.g sweat, sebum
61
Merocrine
Secretion via exocytois No part of the gland is lost or damaged Salivary glands
62
Apocrine
Budding of off extracellular membrane-bound vesicles Cell loses part of its cytoplasm during secretion. Mammary glands
63
Holocrine
Released via rupture of plasma membrane, destroying cell Sebaceous glands
64
Mesangial cell
Helps phagocytose and modulate how leaky the filtration unit is (contraction and relaxation)
65
Podocytes
Glomerular (visceral epithelium)
66
Juxtaglomerular cells
Granular cells (myoepithelial cells) in the media of the arteriole (produce renin)
67
Pale cells
Modified extraglomerular mesangial cells
68
Types of cells in the Small intestine
Enteroendocrine Enterocytes Goblet Paneth
69
Types of cells in the stomach
Parietal Chief Mucous G cells D cells
70
Simple columnar mucous cells of surface and pits
Insoluble, alkaline / neutral glycoproteins forms a protective sheet above the epithelium. Have mucous coat - protect from autodigestion
71
Small intestine features
Villus Intestinal gland Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosa Submucosa
72
Columnar absorptive cells (enterocytes)
Enterokinases activate pancreatic enzymes and glycosidases -CHO Microvilli - stirring luminal content and increase surface area Has lamina propria - smooth muscle
73
Epithelium of urethra and bladder
Bladder: transitional -> stratified columnar -> stratified squamous (outside)
74
Order of blood supply of multilobar kidney
Aorta Renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar Arcuate artery Interlobular artery Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent Arteriole
75
Blood supply to outer cortex
Capillaries of cortex Stellate vein Interlobular vein Arcuate vein Interlobar vein Renal vein Inferior Vena Cava
76
Inner Cortex blood supply
Arterial (descending) Vasa recta Capillaries of Medulla Venous (Ascending) Vasa Recta Arcuate Vein

MEDSCI201 (21 decks)

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