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MEDSCI201 > Alimentary System > Flashcards

Alimentary System Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Autonomic nervous system on digestion

A

Parasympathetic : increases
Sympathetic: decreases

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2
Q

Layers of the stomach

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Adventitia/Serosa

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3
Q

Mucosal specialisations of stomach and SI

A

Stomach - gastric pits & glands
SI - villi & crypts

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4
Q

Additional folds of Stomach and SI

A

Transient e.g rugae of stomach
Permanent e.g plicae circularis of SI

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5
Q

Two types of nerve plexus

A

Submucosal - Meissner’s nerve plexus
Myenteric - Auerbach’s nerve plexus

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6
Q

Types of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

all tubular alveolar structure

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7
Q

Parotid glands

A

Serous (watery) only glands

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8
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Mixed, mostly mucus

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9
Q

Submandibular glands

A

Mixed, both watery and mucus

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10
Q

Serous acinus

A

Has myoepithelial cells (contractile properties)
Zymogen granules (enyzmes) - amylase - CHO

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11
Q

Mucous acinus

A

Has mucous granules

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12
Q

Serous demilune

A

Mixed acinus

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13
Q

Striated duct

A

Columns of mitochondria
^ energy for active transport

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14
Q

functions of saliva

A

Lubrication
Protection
Digestion

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15
Q

Lubrication of saliva

A

Carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins & mucopolysaccharides (mucins)

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16
Q

Protection of saliva components

A

Bacterial adhesion & secretions
Bicarbonate ions
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin (counteract Fe dep. bac.)
Immunoglobulin A - Breakdown Bac/Virus

Vomit (acidic)

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17
Q

Digestion of saliva components

A

Amylase (active range pH 4-11)
Lipase (optimal pH 4.0)
Kallikrein - modulating blood flow

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18
Q

Control of salivary secreton

A

PSNS: accelerates secretion, large amounts of watery saliva, myoepithelial cells contract, increased blood flow.

SNS: secretion of small viscous saliva containing high enzyme concentrations. reduced volume - dry mouth. Blood vessels are constricted

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19
Q

Xerostomia

A

Dry Mouth
Mumps (virus that targets the parotid glands)
Salivary duct calculi (stones)
Salivary gland tumours (usually benign)
Sjogren’s syndrome - autoimmune condition (generalised dryness)
Medications

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20
Q

Hypersalivation (water brash)

A

Associated with many conditions (inc peptic ulceration & IBD)
Medications
Toxins (organophosphates, arsenic)

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21
Q

Oesophagus Function

A

Rapid transport (peristalsis) of food bolus.
25cm long
Thick muscular wall, protective lining. Collapsed outline with fold of submucosa when empty, stretched out flat as food descends to the stomach

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22
Q

Oesophagus epithelium

A

Thick stratified squamous epithelium, non keratinised in humans. Transitions into simple cuboidal/columnar as approaches stomach

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23
Q

Muscularis mucosae of oesophagus

A

Absent/rare near upper oesophagus but developed near stomach . Longitudinal smooth muscle & elastic network

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24
Q

Submucosa in oesophagus

A

Loosely and irregularly arranged connective tissue layer. Glands are present

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25
Muscularis externa of oesophagus
Inner and outer thick coats. Inner = many spiral and oblique bundles. Outer = irregular arranged Pharyngeal end = skeletal muscle (swallowing) Gastric end - smooth muscle Peristalsis vs segmentation Sphincters - some increase in muscle coat in lower sphincter area. Tonal contraction
26
Barrett's Oesophagus
Metaplasia of lower oesophagus, strong association with oesophageal adenocarcinoma Replacement of st.sq.ep by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells Believed to be adaptation to chronic acid exposure/reflux oesophagitis
27
Oesophageal varices
Extremely dilated submucosal veins, even thinner wall Bleeding/ haemorrhage/ necrosis / ulceration / infection Portal hypertension (^ resistance in liver from e.g cirrhosis); blood flow through hepatic portal system is redirected to area with lower venous pressures.
28
Stomach - cardia
Mostly mucous glands
29
Stomach - pylorus
Mucus, enzymes, hormones
30
Stomach - Fundus and Body
Mucus, acid, enzymes, hormones
31
Three muscular layers of stomach
Outer longitudinal muscle layer Inner circular muscle layer Innermost oblique muscle layer
32
Simple columnar mucous cells of surface and pits
Insoluble, alkaline / neutral glycoproteins forms a protective sheet above the epithelium. Have mucous coat - protect from autodigestion
33
Mucous neck cells of gastric glands
Soluble, acidic glycoproteins secreted when food is present, mucous granules are less densely packed
34
Parietal cell (oxyntic cell)
OH converted to HCO3- exchanged for Cl-. HCO3- diffuses into venous blood leaving the stomach. Secretes HCl and intrinsic factor
35
Intrinsic factor
For Vit B12 abs - RBC haematopoiesis - decreased pernicious anemia
36
HCl
Gastroenteritis (HCl) acidifying environment increased activation of pepsin
37
Chief cell (zymogenic cell)
Enzyme pepsin secreted in inactive form (pepsinogen) into the lumen of the gland
38
Pepsinogen
A substance made by chief cells. Acid in the stomach changes pepsinogen to pepsin, which breaks down proteins in food during digestion.
39
Enteroendocrine cell
Hormone (e.g gastrin) liberated through basal lamina into capillaries of lamina propria G cells - gastrin ECL cells - histamine D cells - somatostatin
40
Coeliac
autoimmune Decreased villous atrophy - attacked by own immune cells - less capacity to absorb
41
Smooth muscle in SI
squeeze / milk lacteals Localised mixing
42
Small intestine features
Villus Intestinal gland Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosa Submucosa
43
Hepatic portal vein
Transport of carbohydrates proteins, water and electrolytes. Venules in the submucosa are tributaries of it
44
Transport of absorbed lipids
Lymphatic vessels which drain into the venous system
45
Columnar absorptive cells (enterocytes)
Enterokinases activate pancreatic enzymes and glycosidases -CHO Microvilli - stirring luminal content and increase surface area Has lamina propria - smooth muscle
46
Goblet cells
Secrete mucus Lubrication
47
Enteroendocrine cells
Hormones are liberated through basal lamina into capillaries of lamina propria e.g serotonin and somatostain
48
Paneth cells
Produce: TNF-a - produces inflammation in response to bacteria and parasites Lysozyme - bactericidal, destroys bacterial membranes Defensins - increases ion channels in cell membranes of invading organisms, increases permeability
49
Regional specialisations -duodenum
25cm C shaped Acidic chyme - acts as stimuli for enteroendocrine cells to release hormones for impact on gallbladder (release bile) and pancreas (release pancreatic enzymes) Submucosal glands - Brunners glands - only found in duodenum. HCO3 mucus neutralise acidic chyme.
50
Jejunum
2.5m
51
Ileum
3.5m Lymphatic aggregates that are macroscopically visible (peyer's patches) ^ WBC leukocytes. Kills bacteria
52
Large intestine
1.5m long, minor digestive role but major absorptive role
53
Caecum (with appendix)
Ileocecal valve regulates passage of materials. Collects and stores arriving material and begins process of compaction.
54
Appendix
Slender, hollow, vermiform, dominated by lymphoid nodules
55
Taenia coli
Coils formed by this creates Haustra
56
Colon - ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid - Mucosa features
smooth, numerous crypts of Lieberkuhn, has columnar absorptive cells, and goblet cells. Enteroendocrine cells are present, not visible under light microscope. Undifferentiated cells near the base of glands
57
Colon: Lamina Propria
Dense layer of collagen immediately beneath epithelium, numerous lymphatic nodules extending down into submucosa
58
Colon: Muscularis externa
Circular and longitudinal layers present. Outer longitudinal forms three bands running along the colon (teniae coli) - Allows colon to contract independently. Contract pulls intestinal tube into sac-like pockets (haustra coli)
59
Rectum/Anus
Temporary storage of faecal material. Final portion = anal canal (mucosa contains longitudinal folds called anal columns) Distal margins = transverse folds - mark boundaries between columnar epithelium -> stratified squamous Anal sphincters = internal (smooth muscle) & external skeletal muscle
60
Pattern of cell renewal and differentiation in Oesophagus
Location: Basal part of epithelium Surface cells: days
61
Pattern of cell renewal and differentiation in stomach
Location: Near the neck of gastric pits Surface:days Deeper:weeks/months
62
Pattern of cell renewal and differentiation in Small intestine
Location: Lower 1/2 of glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn) Surface: Days Deeper: week/months
63
Pattern of cell renewal and differentiation in Large Intestine
Location: Lower 1/3 of glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn) Surface: Days
64
Chemotherapy
Stops cell cycle Affect normal replacement of cells
65
Upper oesophagus
Under voluntary control
66
Protective mechanisms: Prostaglandin E2
Make cells more susceptible to environment Mucous coat Bicarbonate ions Phospholipid enrichment Rapid replacement (germ cells) Inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
67
Protective mechanisms: Helicobacter pylori
Urease -> ammonia Toxins (unclerogens - ulcer inducing - loss of epithelium)
68
Types of cells in the stomach
Parietal Chief Mucous G cells D cells
69
Types of cells in the Small intestine
Enteroendocrine Enterocytes Goblet Paneth
70
Types of cells in Large intestine
Enterocytes Goblet

MEDSCI201 (21 decks)

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