Renal System Flashcards
(120 cards)
0
Q
1st step in urine formation
A
Glomerular filtration
1
Q
Formula for urinary excretion rate
A
Filtration rate - reabsorption rate + secretion rate
2
Q
Endothelium lining, basement membrane, epithelial cell layer surr outer surface of BM, glomerular pump. Which is not part of the glomerular capillary membrane?
A
glomerular pump
3
Q
Glomerular capillary membrane has negative charge so negatively charged proteins can pass.true or false?
A
False. Protein cannot pass bec similar charge
4
Q
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure pushes water __ while Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure pushes water ___ (in, out)
A
Out, in
5
Q
Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure: how does it affect water?
A
Prevents fluid exit bec colloid attracts fluid. Water does not leave glomerulus
6
Q
Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure: effect on water
A
Gets water out bec proteins attract water
7
Q
Net filtration pressure must be ___ (+ or -) for water to go out
A
Positive
8
Q
Maintenance of relatively stable GFR over wide range of blood pressures, within kidney
A
Autoregulation
9
Q
The following contribute to autoregulation of glomerular filtration except (myogenic reflex,conditioning of glomerular capillary membrane, tubuloglomerular feedback, angiotensin-II mediated vasoconstriction)
A
conditioning of glomerular capillary membrane
10
Q
Myogenic reflex and tubuloglomerular feedback affect __ arteriole while angiotensin-II mediated vasoconstriction affects __ arteriole (afferent, efferent)
A
Afferent, efferent
11
Q
Myogenic reflex
⬆️BP: __ afferent arteriole
⬇️BP: __ afferent arteriole
(Dilate, constrict)
A
Constrict, dilate
12
Q
Purpose of myogenic reflex toward afferent arteriole
A
Protect arteriole fr sudden Systolic BP spikes
13
Q
Tubuloglomerular feedback toward aff.arteriole mediated by ___
A
Macula densa
14
Q
Macula densa: part of ___ of loop of Henle
A
Thick ascending limb
15
Q
What kind of receptor is macula densa?
A
Osmoreceptor (to solute conc, tubular fluid flow)
16
Q
⬆️tubular flow rates, ___ solute delivery to macula densa, __filtration pressure
A
⬆Then⬇️
17
Q
During increased NaCl reabsorption, what does macula densa produce!
A
ATP
Adenosine
18
Q
Adenosine is a potent vasoconstrictor.true or false?
A
True
19
Q
Converts angiotensiongen to angiotensin
A
Renin
20
Q
Converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II
A
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
21
Q
Why is renin released?
A
Low RBF
22
Q
Effect of angiotensin II on efferent arteriole
A
Vasoconstriction
23
Q
Effect of vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole on glomerular hydrostatic levels
A
Increase
24
This forms occlusive barrier separating lumen of tubule from interstitial spaces surrrounding the tubule
Tight junction
25
___ membrane: facing tubular lumen
| ___ membrane: facing interstitium
Apical
| Basolateral
26
Epithelial solute transport described as Movement of fluid or solute sequentially across apical and basolateral membrane via transporter,channel,pump
Cellular transport
27
Epithelial solute transport described as mvmt thru narrow passageway bet adj cells
Paracellular transport
28
2 types of tight junctions
Leaky epithelia. And tight epithelia
29
False of leaky epithelia
A.found in collecting duct
B.wellsuited for bulk fluid reabsorption
C.allows robust paracellular transport
A.found in collecting duct
| Leaky epithelia found at PCT
30
False of tight epithelia
A.found in collecting duct
B.with more tight junctions
C.allows robust paracellular transport
Tight epithelia: more refined control and regulation of transport... So therefore:
C.allows robust paracellular transport
31
[membrane transport] which is properly matched?
I.active transport:channel
II.passive transport:transporter
III.facilitated diffusion:pump
IV.secondary active transport:co-transporter
IV. Bec
I.active transport:pump
II.passive transport:channel
III.facilitated diffusion:transporter
32
They couple the mvmt of an ion down electrochem gradient to uphill of another ion/molecule against conc or electrochem gradient
Co-transporters
33
(Nephron)
Where does most of the reabsorption happen?
pct
34
What steers bulk fluid reabsorption?
Low hydrostatic P and high oncotic P at peritubular capillaries
35
what is aquaporin-1
Active water channel at both apical and basolateral membranes, involved at water reabsorption
36
Leaky epithelia are involved in both water and solute reabsorption,true or false!
True
37
Solute reabsorption partnered with __ concentration thru activity of __
Na
| Na+/K+-ATPase
38
Bicarbonate reabsorption dep on __
Carbonic anhydrases
39
Apical exchange of cellular __ for higher luminal conc of Cl : primary mechanism for chloride reabsorption
Formate
40
Glucose reabsorption: which is false
A.at start of PCT
b.coupled with Na via cotransporter
C.saturable
A.at start of PCT
| Sa may dulo sya
41
Organic acids and bases reabsorbed via transporters (that secrete carboxylate anions and amine cations). Tama ba?
Tama
42
Amino acid reabsorption c/o ___ dep or indep transport systems
Na
43
Peptide hormones ingested via ___ and degraded in 2 ways: __ and __
Endocytosis
Lysosomes
Acidified endocytic vesicles
44
Part of nephron where countercurrent multiplication occurs
Loop of Henle
45
Loop of Henle contributes to reabsorption of these 2 elements via K+ recycling
Calcium and magnesium
46
Active aquaporin-1 channels found at which segment of loop of Henle?
Descending thin
47
Countercurrent multip produces ___ medullary interstitium (hypertonic,hypotonic)
Hypertonic
48
Medullary peritubukar capillaries enveloping the loop of Henle
Vasa recta
49
NaCl reabsorption by thick ascending limb is principal initiating event for countercurrent multip,true or false?
True
50
___ water permeability at descending thick limb >> Osmotic equilib bet desc.limb +interstitium >>
progressive solute trapping at medulla
High
51
Max medullary interstitial osmolality is also in need of ___ recycling of __ from ___
Partial
Urea
Collecting duct
52
True or false. Distal convoluted tubule has leaky epithelia with high water permeability
False: has tight epithelia with low water permeability
53
```
The following are involved in sodium reabsorption at DCT except
A.Na+/K+-ATPase
B.Cl channels
C.Na+/Cl- cotransporter
D.K channels
E.apical membrane
```
D.K channels
54
The following are involved in calcium reabsorption at DCT except
A.apical calcium selective channels
B.basolateral Na+/Ca2+ exchange
C.thyroid hormone
C.thyroid hormone
| Dapat parathyroid hormone
55
Part of nephron that regulated final composition of urine
Collecting duct
56
Two major divisions of collecting duct
Cortical
| Inner medullary
57
I.Main sodium reabsorbing cells at collecting duct
II.Site of action of cortisol
III.responds to vasopressin
Which is not true of collecting duct's principal cells?
II.Site of action of cortisol
| Aldosterone dapat
58
Intercalated cells in collecting duct: Type A and type B.
| Which is for acid secretion mediation and bicarbonate resorption?
Type A
59
Intercalated cells in collecting duct: Type A and type B.
| Which is for bicarbonate secretion mediation and acid resorption?
Type B
60
Cells at collecting duct are permeable to water. True or false?
False. They have ADHregulated water channels for water resorption
61
Aquaporin-__ at apical membrane and aquaporin-__ and __ at basolateral mem of collecting duct cells
(4,3,2)
2,3,4
62
Cells have Na+ and K+ channels on basolateral side.true or false?
False.
| Apical side
63
Na reabsorption is inhibited by atrial natriuretic __ / renal natriuretic __ thru reduction of activity of apical Na channel
Peptide
64
Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by __. It involves what receptors, apical or basolateral?
Atrial myocytes
| Basolateral
65
Renal natriuretic peptide is secreted by __. It involves what receptors, apical or basolateral?
Renal tubular epithelia
| Apical
66
Inner medullary collecting duct is __ to urea which diffuses into interstitium. This contributes to __ of medullary interstitium
Urea
| Hypertonicity
67
Volume of plasma that is completely cleared of substance by kidneys per unit time
Renal clearance
68
Volume of plasma needed to supply substance amt excreted in urine per unit time
Clearance
69
Plant polysaccharide that can be used to determine renal clearance
Inulin
70
Byproduct of muscle metab used in estimating glomerular filtration rate and testing kidney function
Creatinine
71
Osmolar state determining volume behavior of cells in solution
Tonicity
72
Na+/K+-ATPase keeps most K __ and most Na __
| Out? In?
Inside cells
| Outside cells
73
⬇️total body water --> __ Na conc --> __ thirst / __ water conserved. What hormone is released here?
⬆️ for all three blanks
| Vasopressin
74
⬇️plasma sodium conc --> __ water excreted. Is vasopressin suppressed here?
⬆️
| Yes
75
Aquaporin 1,2,3 are regulated by vasopressin at collecting duct. Aquaporin 4 is at PCT and DCT. T or F?
F. Aquaporin 1 at PCT and DCT, 2 3 4 at collecting duct
76
The following regulate sodium balance except (atrial natriuretic peptide, RAAS, sodium signaling, adenosine, vasopressin, neural adrenergic axis)
Sodium signaling. Calcium signaling dapat yan
77
If Na intake > Na excretion, what happens to Na amt in blood and urine?
Increase in both
78
If Na intake < Na excretion, what happens to Na amt in blood and urine?
Decrease in both
79
Which of the ff does not affect renin snythesis?
A.prostaglandins
B.macula densa
C.beta1 adrenergic stimulation to afferent arteriole
D.glomerular filtration rate
D.glomerular filtration rate
80
Angiotensin II stimulates prod of __ by adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
81
Aldosterone bidn to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors in principal cells of collecting duct that increase activity of apical membrane Na+ channel and K+ channel AND basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase activity. true or false?
False. Mineralocorticoid dapat
82
False about high protein diet
A.increases glomerular filtration rate
B.decreased creatinine and urea excretion
C.responsible to advanced glycation end-products
B.decreased creatinine and urea excretion
| Increased dapat
83
__ + Amino acids = advanced glycation end products
| What is the effect on kidney?
Glucose
| Disease
84
If too little carb intake, urinary incontinence is possible due to damaged ANS sphincter control. True or false?
False. Too much carb dapat
85
Low carb diet leads to increase in urination bec increase stored glycogen breakdown. True or false?
True
86
If too low carb intake, muscle protein is used and protein waste accumulates at blood. True or false?
True
87
__ Na intake leads to hyperfiltration.
⬆️
88
High Na levels >> __ aldosterone released >> loss of adrenal fxn
⬇️
89
High renal intake of K: __ kaliuresis
High
90
Aldosterone-/indep) kaliuresis:
| Increased K+ uptake across basolateral mem of principal cells by ___
Na-K pump
91
Aldosterone-dep kaliuresis: ___ cells of adrenal cortex stimulated to prod aldosterone
Glomerulosa
92
These two are responsible for K secretion
Renal outer medullary potassium channel
| Big potassium channel
93
More aldosterone,____ renal excretion of K
More
94
Why drink 8 glasses of water?
Provide sufficient water for kidneys to use in washing away fatty acids from fat breakdown
95
Caffeine increases urine output. True or false?
True
96
Less sodium ion reabsorbed leads to darker and more pungent urine. True or false?
True. More urination but less of the Water filtration
97
Caffeine does not force body to eliminate liquids before adequate absorption. True or false?
False. It interferes with fluid retention
98
Caffeine can exacerbate negative side effect of drinking. True or false?
True
99
Alcohol acutely stimulates ADH therefore increasing blood output. T or F?
T pero
100
Alcohol consumption leads to: ____ amount of K excreted by body
Lower
101
False about high protein diet
A.increases glomerular filtration rate
B.decreased creatinine and urea excretion
C.responsible to advanced glycation end-products
B.decreased creatinine and urea excretion
| Increased dapat
102
__ + Amino acids = advanced glycation end products
| What is the effect on kidney?
Glucose
| Disease
103
If too little carb intake, urinary incontinence is possible due to damaged ANS sphincter control. True or false?
False. Too much carb dapat
104
Low carb diet leads to increase in urination bec increase stored glycogen breakdown. True or false?
True
105
If too low carb intake, muscle protein is used and protein waste accumulates at blood. True or false?
True
106
__ Na intake leads to hyperfiltration.
⬆️
107
High Na levels >> __ aldosterone released >> loss of adrenal fxn
⬇️
108
High renal intake of K: __ kaliuresis
High
109
Aldosterone-/indep) kaliuresis:
| Increased K+ uptake across basolateral mem of principal cells by ___
Na-K pump
110
Aldosterone-dep kaliuresis: ___ cells of adrenal cortex stimulated to prod aldosterone
Glomerulosa
111
These two are responsible for K secretion
Renal outer medullary potassium channel
| Big potassium channel
112
More aldosterone,____ renal excretion of K
More
113
Why drink 8 glasses of water?
Provide sufficient water for kidneys to use in washing away fatty acids from fat breakdown
114
Caffeine increases urine output. True or false?
True
115
Less sodium ion reabsorbed leads to darker and more pungent urine. True or false?
True. More urination but less of the Water filtration
116
Caffeine does not force body to eliminate liquids before adequate absorption. True or false?
False. It interferes with fluid retention
117
Caffeine can exacerbate negative side effect of drinking. True or false?
True
118
Alcohol acutely stimulates ADH therefore increasing blood output. T or F?
T pero
119
Alcohol consumption leads to: ____ amount of K excreted by body
Lower
