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VM773 SA Med & Sx > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 methods to induce estrus in the dog?

A
  1. dopamine agonist
  2. GnRH / GnRH agonist
  3. Gonadotropins
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2
Q

Cabergoline
MOA?

A

dopamine agonist - work on hypothalamus
inhibits prolactin which induces onset of estrus

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3
Q

Deslorelin
MOA?

A

GnRH agonist - induces estrus but followed by prolonged period of anestrus = down regulation of GnRH R transciption

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4
Q

Cons of using GnRH for estrus induction

A

injectable, pulsatile nature
narrow dose range

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5
Q

Cons of using GnRH agonist for estrus induction

A

constant stimulation will eventually cause down regulation of pituitary (low LH/FSH)

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6
Q

what method to induce estrus has the highest chance of success

A

dopamine agonist (cabergoline)

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7
Q

Why are gonadotropins (LH/FSH) a poor choice for estrus induction

A

poor ovulation rate
limited availability

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8
Q

what are the 3 methods of estrus suppression in the dog?

A
  1. surgery
  2. steroids
  3. GnRH agonists
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9
Q

which method of estrus suppression is best, 100% success?

A

surgery (OHE/OE)

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10
Q

what are the two steroid options for estrus suppression?

A

progestogens (MPA, MA)
androgens (mibolerone, testosterone)

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11
Q

Progestogens
(Medroxyprogesterone “MPA” & Megestrol Acetate “MA”) MOA

A

unknown - LH/FSH levels increase during the first few months of therapy

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12
Q

Progestogens
(Medroxyprogesterone “MPA” & Megestrol Acetate “MA”) side effects

A

CEH / pyometra
endometritis
mammary development
mammary neoplasia
alopecia, coat color change
increased appetite
weight gain
lethargy

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13
Q

Androgens (mibolerone, testosterone) MOA

A

negative feedback causing decreased secretion of gonadotropins at the level of hypothalamus and likely pituitary

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14
Q

which method of estrus suppression is the only product approved in the US

A

progestogens

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15
Q

Cons of using Androgens for estrus suppression

A

limited supply/no product approved for use in the US
potential side effects (clitoral hypertrophy, vaginitis, discharge, behavior, epiphora, liver enzymes)

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16
Q

how is GnRH agonists (Deslorelin) an estrus inducer and also estrus suppressor? what are its cons?

A

initial estrus followed by prolonged anestrus (2yrs)

not approved in US for dogs
side effects but are reversible
less predictable

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17
Q

how is mismating (pregnancy termination) done in the canines

A

no meds approved for canine abortion in US - its off-label
1. surgery - OHE
2. corticosteroids (dexamethasone)
3. estrogens
4. prostaglandins
5. dopamine agonist
6. progesterone R antagonist

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18
Q

most abortion protocols suggest what prior to treatment?

A

confirming pregnancy prior to treatment

19
Q

are corticosteroids and estrogens generally recommended as abortifacients in dogs?

20
Q

estrogen (estradiol cypionate) MOA in terms of abortion

A

inhibits oocyte migration & implantation of embryo
SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS

21
Q

prostaglandins MOA in terms of abortion and why must these patients be hospitalized?

A

PGF2alpha - luteolysis
dinoprost (lutalyse) - naturally occuring PG
cloprostenol (estrumate) - synthetic PG
significant, severe side effects - hypotension/circulatory collapse

22
Q

which prostaglandin is the one that can be used in dogs? when?

A

PGF2alpha
28-30 days post LH due to canine CL resistance early in diestrus

23
Q

why can dopamine agonists (cabergoline) be used for terminating pregnancy?

A

inhibiting prolactin cuts off CL support and pregnancy maintenance

24
Q

progesterone receptor antagonist (Aglepristone) MOA

A

competitively binds/antagonizes progesterone receptors at target organs
ends diestrus, also treatment for pyometra
special import needed for US use

25
what is considered persistent estrus?
~30 days
26
four causes of persistent estrus?
1. granulosa cell tumor 2. follicular cyst 3. anovulatory follicle 4. exogenous estrogen exposure
27
what are 3 problems arising from a bitch cycling too frequently
normal q 7 months 1. infertility 2. overstim of ovaries 4. overstim of endometrium
28
common signalments of a dog with mastitis?
nursing bitch (small or large litters) firm, reddened, painful mammary glands
29
most common mastitis etiology in the dog?
galactostasis (milk /gland congestion) resulting in ascending infection (E.coli, Staph, Strep)
30
most common mastitis clinical signs in the dog?
hot painful glands **fever at peak, 2-3 weeks** lethargy, anorexia poor maternal behavior pups not gaining weight
31
canine mastitis treatment
cytology + culture supportive care pain meds/abx (start with beta lactam broad spectrum) keep glands expressed (hand strip, nursing)
32
what are the 3 most common post partum disorders in the dog that cause a fever?
mastitis postpartum metritis eclampsia
33
what are the two risk factors that can result in a dog having agalactia (no milk production)
premature progesterone during gestation
34
what are the most common cells found on a cytology of postpartum metritis?
parabasal cells degenerate neutrophils
35
postpartum metritis clinical signs?
purulent vulvar discharge **fever within 2-3 days**
36
postpartum metritis risk factors?
abortion, fetal infection, dystocia, retained fetal membranes leading to ascending infection
37
what are the risk factors of eclampsia in the bitch?
1. small breeds with large lactation demands 2. large litters 3. calcium supplementation during pregnancy (down regulates normal Ca regulation)
38
most common signalment of eclampsia in dogs?
small breeds during peak lactation (2-3 weeks) w/ large litters having panting, restlessness, tremors, muscle spams, behavior changes
39
eclampsia etiopathogenesis in the dog
inappropriate mobilization of calcium stores = hypocalcemia = lower threshold potential of Na channels = excitatory effect and tetany
40
Subinvoluted Placental Sites (SIPS) presumptive etiopathogenesis
endometrial eosinophilic inflam caused by trophoblastic cell migration = persistent bleeding due to lack of thrombosis and uterine involution
41
Subinvoluted Placental Sites (SIPS) clinical signs
persistent serosanguinous vulvar discharge (>3 weeks postpartum)
42
Subinvoluted Placental Sites (SIPS) diagnosis
must rule out metritis, vaginitis, clotting disorders blood work WNL US of uterus normal
43
Subinvoluted Placental Sites (SIPS) treatment
supportive OHE if necessary

VM773 SA Med & Sx (14 decks)

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