Reproduction & Developmental Biology

Question 1

regeneration

Answer 1

part of organism breaks off and that part can regenerate or make a new organsims
* fungi do this

Question 2

parthenogenesis

Answer 2

unfertilized egg develops into viable organism

Question 3

spermiogenesis

Answer 3

where haploid spermatids differentiate into mature spermatozoa
* no change in amount of genetic material

Question 4

spermatogenesis

Answer 4

formation of mature spermatozoae
* diploid –> haploid

Question 5

how many meiotic divisions do spermatogonia occur?

Answer 5

2 meiotic divisions become 4 spermatids

Question 6

semiferous tubules of testes

Answer 6

site of spermatogenesis

Question 7

sertoli cells

Answer 7

activated by FSH; surround and nourish sperm

Question 8

what do sertoli cells produce

Answer 8

inhibin that acts as negative feedback on FSH

Question 9

spermatogenic cells

Answer 9

produce spermatozoa

Question 10

epididymis

Answer 10

sperm not yet mature transported here for maturation and storage

Question 11

movement of sperm

Answer 11

seminiferous tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra > penis

SEVEn UP

Question 12

seminal vesicles

Answer 12

• secrete fructose
• viscous mucus
• prostaglandins

Question 13

prostate gland

Answer 13

alkaline secretions to counteract uterine acidity

Question 14

bulbourethral glands

Answer 14

cleans and lubricates urethra

Question 15

FSH in males

Answer 15

stimulates sperm development in seminiferous tubules

Question 16

LH in males

Answer 16

stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone

Question 17

oogenesis step

Answer 17

1. many oogonia produced; small fraction differentiate into primary oocytes that begin meiosis 1 and stop in prophase 1
2. at puberty: one egg/month ovulates completing meiosis 1 but arrested in metaphase 2 with polar body
3. if fertilization: meiosis 2 completed
4. at end of meiosis 2: 2-3 polar bodies and 1 oocyte

Question 18

FSH in females

Answer 18

stimulates follicles to develop and production of estrogen and progesterone

Question 19

LH in females

Answer 19

ovulation of egg and corpus luteum formation

Question 20

birth control pills

Answer 20

produce synthetic estorgen/progesterone inhibiting GnRH through negative feedback preventing cycle from causing ovulation

Question 21

follicular phase

menstrual cycle

Answer 21

GnRH > LH and FSH from anterior pituitary > release of estrogen > thickening of endometrium > rapid LH spike > ovulation

Question 22

ovulation

menstrual cycle

Answer 22

fimbriae in oviduct catches egg, cilia sweep it into oviduct waiting for sperm

Question 23

luteal phase

menstrual cycle

Answer 23

follicle develops into corpus luteum > progesterone > uterine linining thickens in prep for implantation

Question 24

if no implantation

menstrual cycle

Answer 24

LH and FSH drop > corpus luteum no longer maintained > progesterone/estrogen drop > endometrium sloughs off (menstruation)

Question 25

if implantation | menstrual cycle

Answer 25

outer layer of placenta produces hCG > corpus luteum maintained > progesterone/estrogen maintained

Question 26

type of asexual reproduction in mitochondria/chloroplast

Answer 26

binary fission

Question 27

septum in binary fission

Answer 27

two copies of DNA to form dividing wall to separate them spliting to create 2 daughter cells

Question 28

haplodiploidy

Answer 28

sex determination base on whether organism is haploid/diploid

Question 29

only cells that can undergo mitosis and meiosis

Answer 29

germ cells

Question 30

fertilization steps

Answer 30

1. capacitation 2. acrosomal reaction 3. polyspermy block 4. completion of meiosis ll for secondary oocyte 5. zygote formation

Question 31

capacitation

Answer 31

final maturation stage for sperm occuring in female uterus

Question 32

acromosomal reaction

Answer 32

recognition process between sperm and egg before they fuse together

Question 33

acromosomal reaction

Answer 33

* recognition between egg and sperm before fusing * ensures same-species fertilization

Question 34

vitelline layer

Answer 34

layer of glycoproteins that surrounds PM of egg * known as zona pellucida and jelly coat

Question 35

corona radiata

Answer 35

outermost layer of an egg cell * responsible for nourishment during development

Question 36

types of polyspermy blocks

Answer 36

fast and slow block

Question 37

cortical granules function

Answer 37

1. zona pellucida > impenetrable fertilization envelope 2. stimulate proteases to sever link between zona pellucida and PM

Question 38

blastomere

Answer 38

small cells resulting from cleavage

Question 39

types of cleavage

Answer 39

1. radial vs spiral 2. determinate vs indeterminate 3. holoblastic vs meroblastic

Question 40

cleavage of deuterostomes and protostomes

Answer 40

radial , spiral

Question 41

meroblastic

Answer 41

partial cleavage that only happens in parts of the embryo thus entire embryo doesn't evenly divide