Respiratory System

Question 1

lungs

Answer 1

• left lung = 2 lobes
• right lung = 3 lobes

Question 2

pleura

Answer 2

covers the lungs
* parietal pleura (outer layer)
* visceral layer (inner layer)
* pleural space = space between layers and lower pressure than atmospheric pressure —> creates intrapleural pressure

Question 3

diaphragm

Answer 3

skeletal muscle underneath lungs; involved in inspiration and expiration

Question 4

inspiration

Answer 4

• contracts diaphragm –> pulls lungs downward
• external intercostal muscels expand ribcage

Question 5

expiration

Answer 5

• relaxes diaphragm –> lungs moves back up
• closes ribcage through elastic recoil

Question 6

what allows gases to flow?

Answer 6

• difference in partial pressure allows gases to flow from high to low pressure areas

Question 7

lung volumes

Answer 7

draw the diagram

Question 8

air pathway

Answer 8

nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

Question 9

nasal cavity

Answer 9

filters/moistens/warms air because of hair and mucus

Question 10

pharynx

Answer 10

food and air can both path through here

Question 11

epiglottis

Answer 11

covers trachea when swallowing, opens when breathing

Question 12

larynx

Answer 12

voice box right underneath epiglottis, vocal cords vibrate to make sound

Question 13

trachea

Answer 13

main windpipe, made of cartilage, has mucus + cilia on walls

Question 14

bronchi

Answer 14

2 divisions of trachea, one to each lung, also has cilia/mucus

Question 15

alveoli

Answer 15

tiny air sacs one cell thick, allows diffusion between gas and capillaries
* surfactants: substance present in alveoli that decrease surface tension

Question 16

what contains hemoglobin?

Answer 16

RBC

Question 17

hemoglobin

Answer 17

• tetrameric (4) with heme cofactor
• iron atoms bind oxygen
• 1 hemoglobin = carries 4 oxygen molecules

Question 18

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Answer 18

transports oxygen
* cooperativity: the more oxygen that bind the easier it is for the rest to bind

Question 19

carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)

Answer 19

carbon monoxide outcompetes oxygen and carbon monoside posioning occurs

Question 20

carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

Answer 20

transports carbon dioxide
* CO2 is more soluble and mostly dissolved in blood as bicarbonate aninon (HCO3-)

Question 21

reduced hemoglobin (H+Hb)

Answer 21

H+ bind to hemoglobin and outcompete oxygen –> increases HbCO2 but decreases HbO2

Question 22

myoglobin

Answer 22

• modified globin with single heme group
• higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin
• found in red muscle
• faciliates oxygen transfer and storage in red muscle
• more primative He molecule

Question 23

Bohr Effect

Answer 23

Hb decreases O2 affinity when CO2 is high

Question 24

gas exchange

Answer 24

• oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve: at different pressures of oxygen, different % of hemoglobin will be bound to oxygen

Question 25

gas exchange at high pressures

Answer 25

* in the lungs * cause increased binding so O2 can enter erythrocytes

Question 26

gas exchange at low pressures

Answer 26

* in tissues * cause decreased binding, so O2 can enter tissues

Question 27

higher CO2 pressure/concentration

Answer 27

rightward shift * lowers oxygen binding affinity

Question 28

higher temperature

Answer 28

rightward shift

Question 29

more acidic (higher H+)

Answer 29

rightward shift

Question 30

higher 2,3-DPG

Answer 30

rightward shift * accumaltes in cells undergoing anaerobic respiration

Question 31

CADET face RIGHT

Answer 31

**C**arbon dioxide, **a**cid, 2,3-**D**PG, **E**xercise, and **T**emperature * **CADET increase** --> **right** shifted curve

Question 32

Haldane effect

Answer 32

Hb increases CO2 affinity when O2 decreases

Question 33

tidal volume

Answer 33

volume of air that moves through lungs between normal inhalation and exhalation

Question 34

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 34

max. volume of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation

Question 35

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 35

max. volume that can be exhaled after normal exhalation

Question 36

residual volume

Answer 36

min. amount of air in lungs to prevent collapse

Question 37

functional residual capacity

Answer 37

entire volume of air still present after normal exhalation **sum of expiratory reserve volume + residual vol.**

Question 38

vital capacity

Answer 38

max. amount of air that can be exhaled after max. inhalation

Question 39

total lung capacity

Answer 39

sum of vital capacity + residual volume **max volume lungs can hold at anytime**

Question 40

tracheal tubes

Answer 40

transport and exchange gases in insects

Question 41

book lungs

Answer 41

gas exchange in arachnids