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DAT Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

neuronal

cellular communication

A

fast, direct, targets specific cells/tissues (nerves)

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2
Q

hormonal

cellular communication

A
  • seen in the endocrine system
  • slow
  • widespread
  • affects multiple cells/tissues throughout body
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3
Q

paracrine system

cellular communication

A

local hormones released by cells into IF to act on a nearby cell

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4
Q

neuron structure

A

soma, dendrites, and axons

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5
Q

neuron function

A

transmit electrical signals from one cell to another

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6
Q

soma

A

cell body

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7
Q

dendrites

A

extension –> receives signals signal

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8
Q

axon

A

sends signal out
* axon hillock
* myelin sheath
* nodes of ranvier

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9
Q

axon hillock

axon

A

connection to cell body

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10
Q

myelin sheath

axon

A

fatty acid insulation (speed up AP by stopping ion exchange)

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11
Q

cells that make myelin

axon

A
  • oligodendrocytes in CNS
  • schwann cells in PNS
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12
Q

white matter

A

axons with myelin

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13
Q

gray matter

A

axons without myelin

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14
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
  • 70 mV
  • Establish by Na+/K+ pump
  • 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in makes inside of cell have negative charge relative to outside
  • Maintained by Na+/K+ ATPases via hydrolysis of ATP
  • K+ leaky channels also maintain RMP
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15
Q

Depolarization

A
  • Stimulus cause threshold potential to be -55 mV
  • Voltage-gated Na channels open, Na+ diffuses into cell
  • Inside develops a positive charge
  • K+ channels close
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16
Q

Transition point

A
  • Depolarization to repolarization
  • Na+ reaches peak and channels close
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17
Q

Repolarization

A
  • Na+ channels close
  • Voltage gated K+ channels open, K+ diffuses out
  • Inside of cell becomes negative once again
  • Absolute refractory period
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18
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • Inside of cell becomes more negative than resting potential due to K+ flow
  • Relative refractory period
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19
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

no stimulus can cause AP
* Due to inactivation of Na+ channels

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20
Q

Relative refractory period

A

requires strong stimulus for AP

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21
Q

Synapse

A
  1. AP reaches end of presynaptic axon  voltage gated Ca++ channels open and enters neuron
  2. Ca++ cause synaptic vesicles to fuse/exocytosis from neuron with NT inside
  3. NT binds to ligand gated ion channels on post synaptic neuron  graded potentials
  4. Graded potentials summate at axon hillock and AP fires once it passes threshold
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22
Q

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

A

depolarized membrane and cause Na+ ions to flow into cell

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23
Q

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

A

hyperpolarized membrane and causes K+ to flow OUT and Cl- in

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24
Q

Electrical synapse

A

in cardiac/smooth muscle cells
* Gap junctions allow electrical signal to go through much faster than chemical synapse

25
Chemical synapse
NT released into synaptic cleft diffuses to receptors on next cell * Second messenger system: G protein connected to receptor activated when NT binds, can open channels, activate proteins or cause gene transcription * can only happen in 1D, slowest part
26
sensory/afferent
carries signals from receptors to brain via interneurons
27
interneurons
carries signal from neuron to neuron
28
motor/efferent
carries signals from brain to muscle/glands
29
glia cells
* non-neuronal cells in nervous system * support and surround neurons
30
microglial cells
macrophages that protect CNS
31
macroglial cells
* **astrocytes**: from blood brain barrier, recycle NT, provide blood to CNS * **satellite cells**: astrocytes of PNS * **schwann cells**: myelin sheath in PNS * **oligodendrocytes**: myelin sheath in CNS * **ependymal cells**: produce CSF in CNS
32
amino acid NT
* glutamate: excitatory * GABA and glycine: inhibitory
33
amino acid derived NT
* **Epi/NE**: excitatory @ postsynaptic neuron * **dopamine**: excitatory in brain (reward-motivated) * **serotonin**: inhibitory in brain (mood, sleep) and increases contraction in GI
34
gas NT
NO --> vasodilation
35
other NT
ACh * excitatory @ presynatpic neurons * excitatory @ muscles * post-synaptic NT in PNS
36
CNS
brain + spinal cord
37
higher brain
cerebrum, cerebral cortex * conscious activties like memories and thoughts
38
lower brain
medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum * subconscious activies like breathing, BP, emotions, reactions to pains
39
meninges
protect CNS and have 3 layers * **DAP**: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
40
frontal lobe
high function processes * decision making, problem solving, attention, and concentration
41
temporal lobe
speech and hearing
42
occipital lobe
vision
43
parietal lobe
spatial perception (PAT) and sensation
44
cerebellum
mini brain underneath occipital lobe, import for coordination of movement
45
brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
46
midbrain
relays sensory information
47
pons
relays messages between forebrain and medulla
48
medulla oblongata
HR, breathing rate, BP, toxic sensing
49
limibic system
emotions, memory, learning, and motivation * thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala
50
thalamus
relays sensory and motor information
51
hypothalamus
regulates hormone secretion in body
52
hippocampus
responsible for memory consolidation
53
amydala
emotional reactions happen here to scents
54
PNS
* everything else (all nerves branching off CNS) * CNS * ANS * recieves input from sensory (afferent) neurons
55
somatic nervous system (SNS)
voluntary sensor and motor functions, responds to environment * controls skeletal muscle, use ACh
56
autonomic nervous sytem
involuntary controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle * sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS
57
sympathetic ANS
* "fight or flight", increases HR, increases blood flow to skeletal msucles, decreases blood flow to digestive system * Epi/NE * releases sugar into blood for energy * increase HR for oxygen delivery * vasodilation of skeletal blood vessels * vasoconstriction of GI system * dilation of bronchi and bronchioles to allow O2 to lungs * dilates pupils to increase information to the brain
58
parasympathetic ANS
* "rest and digest", opposite of sympathetic * ACh * SLUDGE (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defamation, GI, excretion) * relaxes muscles * decrease HR * maintains homeostasis

DAT Biology (20 decks)

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