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Biology 30 > Reproduction - Hormones > Flashcards

Reproduction - Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

what does GnRH do when its released in regards to puberty

A

it acts on the anterior pituitary gland, causing it to release two different sex hormones (LH and FSH)

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2
Q

what does ovulation mark in the menstrual cycle

A

the end of the follicular stage and the beginning of the second stage

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3
Q

where does the ovarian cycle take place

A

in the ovaries

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4
Q

what is the target organ of LH

A

ovaries and testes

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5
Q

what is the function of testosterone in the female reproductive system

A

doesnt really have one, anything it does is minor

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6
Q

where is FSH produced

A

anterior pituitar

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7
Q

in general, what controls the process of spermatogenesis and the maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics

A

hormone feedback mechanisms

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8
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy doesnt occur

A

it degenerates

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9
Q

what does the continued presence of progesterone due for the fetus

A

it maintains the endometrium to support the developing fetus

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10
Q

where is GnRH produced

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

what is the function of progesterone in the female reproductive system

A

causes the uterus lining to thicken to prepare for a fertilized egg; when pregnant it maintains the pregnancy

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12
Q

what does the continued presence of estrogen do during pregnancy

A

it stops the ovarian cycle so no additional follicles mature

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13
Q

what is the luteal stage

A

the second stage of the ovarian cycle when the luteinizing hormone stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and some estrogen, stimulating the thickening of the endometrium for implantation of the embryo

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14
Q

what is the function of GnRH in the male reproductive system

A

stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

what gene does the Y chromosome carry

A

testis-determining factor (TDF) gene

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16
Q

true or false: human babies are born with incomplete reproductive systems

A

false; they are born with complete but immature reproductive systems

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17
Q

true or false: basic hormones and hormonal processes of female puberty are similar to those of male puberty

A

true

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18
Q

what is the function of GnRH in the female reproductive system

A

stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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19
Q

what are the general steps of the luteal stage

A
  1. once the ovum has been released LH causes the follicle to develop into a corpus luteum
  2. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
  3. as the levels of these hormones rise in the blood, they act on the anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH and LH production
  4. if the egg is not fertilized the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decrease in the levels of estrogen and progesterone
  5. the low levels of these hormones cause the anterior pituitary to increase its secretion of FSH and the cycle begins again
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20
Q

what is the target organ of GnRH

A

anterior pituitary gland

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21
Q

what generally happens to the prostate in men over 40

A

it often begins to gradually which can cause discomfort and urinary difficulties

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22
Q

when does the menstrual cycle begin and end

A

it begins with menstruation and ends with the start of the next menstrual period

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23
Q

why do substances such as anabolic steroids cause changes in the male reproductive system

A

because they mimic the action of testosterone which disrupts the other reproductive hormones

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24
Q

what starts the follicular stage

A

an increased level of FSH

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25
what are the two cycles of events that the menstrual cycle can be divided into
the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle
26
how long can a released ovum survive
up to 24 hours after ovulation
27
true or false: the corpus luteum is degenerated by the first day of the menstrual cycle
true
28
what is the function of inhibin in the female reproductive system
inhibit FSH production
29
what is the function of testosterone in the male reproductive system
stimulates the development of the male reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics
30
what happens to the egg if fertilization of the egg occurs after ovulation
it completes the passage through the oviduct and arrives at the uterus a few days later
31
what is the target organs of inhibin
anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
32
what can the ovarian cycle be divided into
the follicular stage and the luteal stage
33
what does the menstrual cycle ensure
that an ovum is released at the same time as the uterus is most receptive to a fertilized egg
34
what determines what sex organs develop, when they mature and how they function
the presence or absence of certain hormones
35
what is the function of inhibin in the male reproductive system
inhibit FSH production
36
true or false: the reproductive structures develop in their typical spots during fetal development
false; they develop in different locations and then migrate within the body to their final location
37
what is the funciton of LH in the male reproductive system
stimulates the production and release of testosterone
38
describe the LH feedback loop in men
1. the release of GnRH triggers the release of LH from the anterior pituitary 2. LH causes the testes to release testosterone which promotes changes associated with male secondary sex characteristics 3. testosterone acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit the release of LH
39
what are male sex hormones called
androgens
40
describe the negative FSH feedback loop in men
1. hypothalamus releases GnRH which triggers the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary 2. FSH causes the interstitial cells in the testes to produce sperm and causes the cells in the seminiferous tubules to release inhibin 3. inhibin acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production of FSH 4. As the level of FSH drops the testes release less inhibin 5. a decrease in the level of inhibin causes the anterior pituitary to release more FSH
41
roughly when does ovulation take place
halfway through the ovarian cycle
42
what does each follicle contain
a single immature ovum
43
what is the function of FSH in the male reproductive system
stimulates the development of the sex organs and gamete production
44
what is estrogens target organ
entire body
45
when does puberty begin
when the hypothalamus increases its production of gonadotropin release hormone (GnRH)
46
what is the FSH negative feedback loop in men responsible for
spermatogenesis and keeping the level of sperm production relatively constant over time
47
where is testosterone produced in women
the ovaries, adrenal glands and in other peripheral tissues
48
what is the function of FSH in the female reproductive system
stimulates the development of the sex organs and gamete production
49
what is the function of LH in the female reproductive system
triggers ovulation, stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum and with FSH it stimulates estrogen production
50
what are the general steps of the follicular stage
1. an increased level of FSH released from the anterior pituitary gland 2. FSH stimulates one follicle to mature 3. as the follicle matures, it releases estrogen and some progesterone 4. the rising level of estrogen acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit the release of FSH 5. at the same time, the rising level of estrogen also triggers a sudden release of GnRH from the hypothalamus which leads to a sharp increase in LH production by the anterior pituitary 6. the increase in LH triggers the follicle to burst and release its ovum
51
what does the presence of androgens initiate
the development of male sex organs and ducts in the fetus
52
what does the action of the TDF gene trigger
the production of androgens/the male sex hormones
53
what happens after a women completes menopause
they will no longer produce ova, and are no longer fertile
54
what is the LH feedback loop responsible for in men
maintaining secondary sex characteristics and keeping the testosterone levels in the body relatively constant
55
what is andropause
a gradual decline in a mans testosterone level beginning around age 40
56
whats hormone replacement therapy
administration of low levels of estrogen and/or progesterone to alleviate symptoms of menopause
57
what is the name of the cellular structures in an ovary
follicles
58
what happens during puberty (general)
a series of hormonal events that lead to gradual physical changes in the body and the final development of the sex organs as well as the development of secondary sex characteristics
59
whats the general hormonal process when a girl begins puberty
1. puberty begins when the hypothalamus increases its production of GnRH 2. the hormone acts on the anterior pituitary to trigger the release of LH and FSH 3. LH and FSH act on the ovaries to produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone 4. these hormones stimulate the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and launch a reproductive cycle
60
what does the timing of the uterine cycle ensure
that the uterus is prepared to receive and nurture a fertilized egg
61
where does the uterine cycle take place
in the uterus
62
in puberty, what does the release of LH and FSH do to males
causes the testes to begin producing sperm and to release testosterone
63
where is testosterone produced
interstitial cells in the testes
64
what is the function of progesterone in the male reproductive system
doesnt really have one, any function it may have is very minor
65
what are the blood hormone levels like on the first day of menstruation
they are low
66
what are the general steps of the uterine cycle
1. as a new follicle begins to mature and release estrogen, the level of estrogen in the blood gradually increases 2. around the 6th day, the estrogen level is high enough to case the endometrium to begin thickening 3. after ovulation, progesterone is released by the corpus luteum which causes a more rapid thickening 4. if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and the levels of the sex hormones drop which cases the endometrium to break down
67
what is the target organ of FSH
ovaries and testes
68
what does the corpus luteum produce
progesterone and some estrogen
69
whats menopause
the period in a woman's life during which a decrease in estrogen and progesterone results in the end of menstrual cycles
70
what do the events of the uterine cycle cause
a build up of blood vessels and tissues in the endometrium
71
whats a follicle
specialized cell structure within the ovaries that contains one egg that will be released
72
what happens to the build up of blood vessels and tissues in the endometrium if fertilization does not occur
The endometrium disintegrates and menstruation begins
73
what is the follicular stage
the first stage of the ovarian cycle during which increased levels of FSH stimulate the follicles to release increased quantites of estrogen and some progesterone into the bloodstream, leading to the release of an egg from the follicle
74
what happens to a follicle in a single cycle
one follicle matures, releases and ovum and then develops into a corpus luteum which then degenerates
75
what is the corpus luteum
yellowish gland-like structure that develops from a follicle that has matured and released its egg
76
what is the function of estrogen in the female reproductive system
stimulates the development of the female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics
77
what are some symptoms of andropause
fatigue, depression, loss of muscle and bone bass, drop in sperm production
78
define puberty
a period in which the reproductive system completes its development and becomes fully functional, and reproductive hormones begin to be formed
79
where is LH produced
anterior pituitary
80
what happens to hormone levels if the ovum is fertilized and implants in the endometrium
blood hormone levels of progesterone and estrogen remain high under the stimulus of hCG released by embryo-supporting membranes
81
true or false: male and female embryos are anatomically different according to gender right after fertilization
false; they are anatomically identical until about the seventh week of development
82
what does testosterone do once its released during puberty
acts on various tissues to complete the development of the sex organs and sexual characteristics
83
what is the target organ of progesterone
uterus
84
what is the menstrual cycle
a period of 20-45 days during which hormones stimulate the development of the uterine lining and an egg is developed and released from an ovary, which if not fertilized the uterine lining is shed as the cycle begins again
85
when does the development of the male sex organs begin
before birth
86
where is progesterone produced
corpus luteum in the ovaries unless pregnant then it is eventually produced by the placenta to maintain pregnancy
87
does estrogen have a function in the male reproductive system
not really, any function it has is very minor
88
what is testosterones target organ
entire body
89
where is inhibin producted
sertoli cells in the testes or granulosa cells in the ovaries
90
where is estrogen produced
follicles in the ovaries
91
true or false: the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle are controlled by different hormones
false; they are both controlled by estrogen and progesterone

Biology 30 (18 decks)

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