Endocrine System Unit Final Flashcards
(267 cards)
1
Q
what is gigantism
A
when the anterior pituitary secretes excessive amounts of hGH, especially during childhood, which causes excessive and rapid growth
2
Q
what are the 4 main hormones that target the kidneys
A
ADH, aldosterone, PTH, calcitonin
3
Q
what are the target cells of tropic hormones
A
other endocrine glands
4
Q
where is LH produced and secreted from
A
the anterior pituitary
5
Q
how does the body compensate for no insulin short term
A
it switches to fat and protein metabolism for energy
6
Q
where is insulin secreted from
A
the beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas
7
Q
what are some symptoms of diabetes insipidus
A
excessive urine output that is pale and does not contain sugar, excessive thirst, bed wetting
8
Q
true or false: cortisol is a non-steroid hormone
A
false; it is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol
9
Q
what is FSH target organ
A
ovaries and testes
10
Q
what hormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
A
GnRH
11
Q
what does ACTH do
A
it stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete mainly cortisol but some of its other long-term stress hormones as well
12
Q
what’s the biggest difference between lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones
A
lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors inside of the target cell whereas water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the outside of target cells
13
Q
what is the name of the endocrine cells located within the pancreas
A
islets of langerhans
14
Q
what is the role of insulin
A
to decrease blood glucose levels
15
Q
whats creatinism
A
when the thyroid fails to develop properly during childhood causing the thyroid to produce extremely low quantities of thyroxine
16
Q
what triggers the release of PTH
A
low blood calcium levels
17
Q
what does goitre cause and why
A
the anterior pituitary to release TSH continually which causes the thyroid to enlarge due to the continuous stimulation
18
Q
whats the difference between the hormone version of epinephrine and the neurotransmitter version of epinephrine
A
the hormone version lasts significantly longer then the neurotransmitter version even though their effects are similar
19
Q
how do you treat hypothyroidism
A
hormone therapy where you take an oral version of thyroxin/T4 to increase the thyroxine levels in the body
20
Q
how does the regulation of hormones generally work
A
When a certain blood concentration of the hormone is reached or when the target cells have responded to the hormone, the endocrine gland releasing the hormone is inhibited which causes the release of the hormone to slow
21
Q
what is estrogen responsible for
A
regulating the menstrual cycle, reproduction, stimulating growth of the uterine lining, sexual development and female characteristics
22
Q
how does epinephrine effect homeostasis
A
it directs the bodys resources during stressful situations and increases things such as heart rate and blood pressure to compensate for the stress; also raises blood glucose levels
23
Q
true or false: the adrenal medulla is triggered by a hormone
A
false; it is triggered by the nervous system
24
Q
what are some of the long-term effects from untreated diabetes mellitus (4)
A
continued high levels of blood glucose can lead to blindness, kidney damage, gangrene and the degeneration of alpha cells
25
where is ADH produced
in the hypothalamus
26
where is FSH produced and secreted from
anterior pituitary
27
what is type 1 diabetes
when the immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy the beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in them being unable to produce insulin
28
whats gangrene
severe infection in the limbs as a side effect of untreated diabetes mellitus
29
hypothyroidism symptoms (5)
the person to feel tired much of the time, have a slow heart rate, puffy skin, hair loss, weight gain
30
what happens if you dont have enough epinephrine
your body will have a diminished ability to respond to short term stress
31
what are the 3 categories of hormones that the adrenal cortex secretes
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
32
what detects when there isnt enough water in the body and where are they located
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
33
what can sustained high levels of cortisol cause (5)
impaired thinking, damage to the heart, high blood pressure, diabetes, increased susceptibility to infection
34
how does addisons disease effect hormone secretion
it causes the body to secrete inadequate amounts of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids resulting in severe electrolyte imbalance
35
where is calcitonin produced and released from
the thyroid gland
36
how does insulin work/what is its mechanism of action
1. the digestive system breaks down a meal and releases a substantial amount of glucose into the bloodstream
2. blood glucose levels rise stimulating the pancreatic beta cells and causing them to secrete an appropriate amount of insulin
3. insulin circulates throughout the body via the bloodstream and makes its target cells more permeable to glucose
4. the glucose enters the cells lower the amount of glucose circulating through the blood
5. as the blood glucose levels decrease and return to homeostasis the secretion of insulin slows
37
why do people with diabetes often get ketones
metabolizing fat to provide the cells with energy releases a toxic bi-product (ketones)
38
whats a positive feedback mechanism
when a change or stimulus causes an additional change in the same direction, pushing the system farther away from homeostasis
39
oxytocin main target organs
uterus and mammary glands
40
where is glucagon secreted from
the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas
41
where is oxytocin produced and released from
produced in the hypothalamus; stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary
42
HCGH function
- thickens uterus lining
- suppresses menstration
- stimulates production of progesterone
43
what are the 6 major hormones that the anterior pituitary produces and secretes
human growth hormone (hGH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)
44
how does epinephrine/adrenaline affect blood sugar levels
it acts like glucagon by causing the conversion of glycogen into glucose which increases blood sugar levels
45
what are some ways that diabetes mellitus is diagnosed
fasting blood glucose test, A1C test for average blood sugar level over the past few months, ketones and autoantibodies test to determine type of diabetes,
46
what is the thyroid known as
the metabolic thermostat
47
what does OCT stand for
oxytocin
48
what is acromegaly
the overproduction of hGH in adulthood when skeletal growth is complete causing the bones and soft tissues of the body to widen
49
what system carries the release and release-inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
the portal system
50
what does hGH stimulate
the growth of muscles, connective tissue and the growth plates at the end of long bones which causes the elongation of these bones
51
what are endocrine glands
ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones directly into the bloodstream
52
what is the function of oxytocin
stimulates uterine muscle contractions and release of milk by the mammary glands
53
whats T4
thyroxine
54
what are steroid hormones
hydrophobic derivatives of cholesterol
55
how does norepinephrine affect homeostasis
- increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
- regulates the body's ability to respond to stressful situations
56
what are the most common types of steroid hormones ((5)
testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, aldosterone and cortisol
57
define homeostasis
a state of balance between all the body systems that is needed for the body to survive and function properly
58
whats the most common types of water-soluble hormones (8)
insulin, oxytocin, calcitonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, thyroxine, hGH
59
what stops the secretion of PTH
when blood calcium levels are back in a normal range
60
how does the liver use glucose
it converts glucose into glycogen for temporary storage
61
what does graves disease cause
produces swelling of the muscles of the eyes which causes them to protrude, interfering with vision
62
how can hyperthyroidism be treated
by medications or the removal of part of the thyroid
63
what are the 4 types of hormones that they hypothalamus produces
releasing hormones, release-inhibiting hormones, ADH, oxytocin
64
how does ADH affect homeostasis (3)
- decreases urine production
- regulates the body's water levels
- regulates the concentration of dissolved substances/solutes within the blood including sodium levels
65
what are some things that acromegaly affects if left untreated (6)
appearance; can cause cardiovascular diseases, sugar intolerance leading to diabetes, colon cancer, breathing problems and muscle weakness
66
how does calcitonin affect homeostasis
it lowers blood calcium levels to make sure they remain in a normal range
67
how many major hormones are released from the pituitary gland as a whole
8
68
how is the secretion of thyroxine controlled and what are the steps of the process
by a negative feedback loop;
1. the anterior pituitary releases TSH which causes the thyroid to secrete thyroxine
2. as thyroxine levels rise, thyroxine feeds itself back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary which suppresses the secretion of TSH and therefor thyroxine
69
what are gonadocorticoids
small amounts of sex hormones that the adrenal cortex secretes which supplement the hormones produced by the testes and ovaries
70
what are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands
the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex
71
what are lipid-soluble hormones
hormones that can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes to get inside of the target cell
72
what is the function of FSH
to stimulate the production of ova and sperm from the ovareis and testes
73
whats a responding variable
what changes in response to the manipulated variable
74
where is epinephrine produced
in the adrenal medulla
75
whats another name for ADH
vasopressin
76
where is ACTH produced and secreted from
the anterior pituitary
77
true or false: creatinism is congenital and present at birth
true
78
what is the role of glucagon
to increase blood glucose levels
79
what are beta cells stimulated by
high blood glucose levels
80
what is the general category of water-soluble hormones
non-steroid hormones
81
LH target organs
ovaries and testes
82
what type of cells produce releasing and release-inhibiting hormones in the hypothalamus
neurosecretory cells
83
what is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine
epinephrine affects the heart more, norepinephrine affects the blood vessels more
84
what specifically does PTH do to its target organs (3)
- Stimulates bone cells to break down bone material and the calcium is added back to the blood
- Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium form the urine
- Increases absorption of calcium from the digestive tract by stimulating the production of vitamin D
85
what are some conditions that high levels of epinephrine can cause
high blood pressure, heart arythmias, stroke
86
where is aldosterone produced and secreted
adrenal cortex
87
whats the endocrine system
a system that works in parallel with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis by releasing chemical hormones from various glands
88
what is the inner layer of the adrenal gland called
adrenal medulla
89
where is thyroxine produced and secreted from
the thyroid gland
90
what stimulates the release of aldosterone
- low blood pressure
- stimulation of the adrenal cortex by ACTH
91
which gland is considered the master gland
the pituitary gland
92
what are target cells
cells that receive and respond to chemical messages sent by the hormone
93
where is hGH produced and secreted from
the anterior pituitary gland
94
what is the target organ of calcitonin
mainly the bones and kidneys
95
what is TSH target organ
the thyroid gland
96
how does aldosterone affect blood pressure
it stimulates the kidneys to increase sodium absorption which increases the solute concentration of the blood and draws in more water which raises blood pressure
97
what is hypopituitarism
when the pituitary doesn't enough hormones
98
what is hyperparathyroidism
when there is abnormally high levels of parathyroid hormone
99
what is the function of PRL
stimulates milk production from the mammary glands and breast tissues growth
100
what is the hypersecretion disorder involving hGH
gigantism
101
what do the iselts of langerhans consist of
glucagon-producing alpha cells and insulin-producing beta cells
102
what are some symptoms of diabetes mellitus
low energy, excessive thirst and the production of large volumes of glucose rich urine
103
what is hypoparathyroidism
when there is low levels of parathyroid hormone and abnormally low ionized calcium levels in the blood
104
what is the adrenal cortex responsible for
regulating the body's long term stress response
105
whats seasonal affective disorder
difficulty adjusting to the shortage of sunlight when there are fewer daylight hours during the winter
106
what does HCGH stand for
human chorionic gonadotropin
107
how does cortisol raise blood glucose levels
it promotes the breakdown of muscle and protein into amino acids which are taken out of the blood by the liver and used to make glucose which is then released black into the blood, raising blood sugar
108
what does the half life of a hormone mean
how long the hormone can be effective in the bloodstream before it is degraded by the liver and other organs
109
what is the main function of PTH
to raise blood calcium levels
110
what are hormones
chemical messengers that are sent to many parts of the body to produce a specific affect on a target cell or organ in order to set specific regulatory responses in motion
111
where is progesterone produced and secreted
mainly in the ovaries with a small amount produced in the adrenal cortex
112
what does hGH do after growth plates have close post childhood
maintains regular body proportions and shape throughout adulthood as well as plays a role in regulating metabolism and blood sugar levels, stimulates muscle growth
113
whats the typical action mechanism of a tropic hormone
1. the hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone into the anterior pituitary which causes the anterior pituitary to release a tropic hormone into the blood stream
2. the tropic hormone stimulates the target gland to release a third hormone into the blood
3. this hormone travels to another target tisue and produces an effect
114
how does PTH affect homeostasis
it regulates blood calcium levels to ensure that they stay in a normal range
115
what is the outer layer of the adrenal gland called
adrenal cortex
116
symptoms of hypoparathyroidism (6)
mood changes, dry scaly skin, brittle nails, muscle problems, tingling, vision problems
117
what does hGH regulate
growth, development and metabolism
118
whats hyperthyroidism
when the thyroid produces too much thyroxine
119
define metabolism
the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy so that the body can function
120
what are some things that can stimulate the release of hGH, especially in adults (5)
sleep, stress, exercise, hypoglycemia and amino acids
121
how do steroid hormones work
they attach to a protein to travel in the bloodstream until they get to their target cell where they diffuse through the cell membrane and attach to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm. this receptor enters the nucleus and binds to a gene in the DNA either increasing or decreasing its expression
122
what is one way you can treat dwarfism
hormone therapy where a synthesized form of hGH is injected into the affected person to increase growth
123
what are gonads
the ovaries and testes
124
what are water-soluble hormones
hormones that cannot diffuse across cell membranes so they bind to receptors on the outside of cells
125
where are ADH and oxytocin produced
in the hypothalamus
126
what is the posterior pituitary responsible for
storing and releasing ADH and oxytocin
127
whats a controlled variable
variables that are kept the same for each trial throughout the experiment
128
how are the symptoms of addisons disease controlled
with injections of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
129
what structure transfers ADH and oxytocin from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
neuronal axons
130
what is the main function of mineralocorticoids
to increase blood pressure
131
what is the main function of glucocorticoids
to increase blood sugar
132
how do you treat diabetes insipidus
take a medication that is a vasopressin and acts like ADH
133
what does FSH stand for
follice stimulating hormone
134
what happens if you have too much epinephrine
your heart rate and blood pressure will be high and if not treated it will overwhelm the cardiovascular system which can be life-threatening
135
what is cushings disease and what causes it
when the body has too much cortisol for a long time; it is caused when the pituitary produces too much ACTH
136
what symptoms does creatinism cause (2)
- the individual will be stocky and shorter then average
- if the person isn't given hormonal injections early on in life it will cause mental developmental delays
137
what are some of the effects caused by epinephrine
increased heartrate, dilating airways, raising blood pressure, releasing stored glucose
138
what are some symptoms of hyperparathyroidism (6)
fatigue, muscle weakness, joint pain, loss of appetite, trouble concentrating, episodes of confusion
139
what is special about the pancreas
it is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
140
whats the function of progesterone
promotes the growth of the uterine lining and prevents uterine muscle contractions
141
what stimulates the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
stress, anxiety or a perceived threat
142
what 2 hormones control blood calcium levels
PTH and calcitonin
143
what does low aldosterone cause
results in a loss of sodium and water from the blood which causes blood pressure to drop
144
what does ADH stand for
antidiuretic hormone
145
what are exocrine glands
glands that secrete substances directly into a specific area, body cavity or outside of the body through ducts or tubes
146
what does TSH stand for
thyroid stimulating hormone
147
what are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism (5)
anxiety, insomnia, heat intolerance, irregular heartbest, weight loss
148
where is testosterone produced
mainly in the testes but a small amount is also produced in the adrenal cortex
149
what happens if you dont have enough ACTH
your body wont produce enough cortisol and will be unable to deal with stress properly
150
what is the adrenal medulla responsible for
regulating the body's short term stress respone
151
how does hGH affect homeostasis
it plays a role in regulating blood sugar levels as well as promotes the growth of other tissues essential in maintaining homeostasis
152
what is the function of epinephrine
its responsible for triggering the body's fight or flight response by preparing it to undergo short term stress
153
what is low levels of epinephrine associated with
addisons disease
154
how does thyroxine affect blood glucose levels
as metabolic rate goes up more glucose gets used in cellular respiration which causes blood sugar levels to go down
155
how many parathyroid glands are there and where are they located
there are 4 small glands that are attached to the thyroid
156
when is hGH most prominent
during childhood to stimulate growth
157
what is the function of LH
- to stimulate sex hormone production in the ovaries and testes
- regulates the menstrual cycle
- triggers ovulation
158
what is graves disease
a severe state of hyperthyroidism that results when the bodys immune system attacks the thyroid
159
what are the 2 major hormones that the adrenal cortex secretes
cortisol and aldosterone
160
what does damage to the adrenal cortex cause
Addison's disease
161
what hormones does the thyroid secete
thyroxine and calcitonin
162
how does aldosterone affect homeostasis
it regulates the amount of sodium and water in the blood stream as well as the amount of potassium that is secreted in the urine; it also affects blood pressure
163
true or false: the posterior pituitary produces hormones
false; it just stores and secretes hormones from the hypothalamus but does not produce anything
164
what are some symptoms of addisons disease (6)
hypoglycemia, sodium and potassium imbalances, rapid weight loss, general weakness, extreme fatigue, skin discoloration
165
how do you treat hypoparathyroidism
calcium and phosphorus supplements
166
what are epinephrines taret organs
it has target organs all over but especially affects organs like the lungs, heart, eyes, blood vessels and muscles
167
what are norepinephrine's target organs (6 specific)
it has target organs all over but especially affects organs like the lungs, heart, eyes, blood vessels, brain and muscles
168
what produces and secretes melatonin
the pineal gland
169
in general, what does serotonin do
makes people feel more energized
170
what does LH stand for
luteinizing hormone
171
what is thyroxines target organ
affects almost all the organs in the body including the brain, skeleton and heart; especially targets/stimulates the cells of the heart, skeletal muscles, liver and kidneys to increase the rate of cellular respiration
172
what stimulates the release of ACTH
stress
173
what does PRL stand for
prolactin
174
what is ADH target organ
the kidneys
175
what are the major endocrine glands
hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes and ovaries
176
what is type 2 diabetes
when insulin receptors in the body's cells stop responding to insulin or the beta cells begin to gradually produce less insulin over time
177
what system is the posterior pituitary considered a part of
the nervous system
178
what stimulates the adrenal medulla
nerves from the hypothalamus which are triggered by the onset of a short-term stressor
179
what does the pancreas mainly secrete
digestive enzymes into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct
180
what are some symptoms of acromegaly (6)
enlarged bones, swelling of soft tissues especially in the feet and hands, enlarged heart, pins and needles, joint pains, debilitating headache
181
what type of carbohydrate is glycogen
polysaccharide/polymer
182
what stimulates the release of cortisol
long-term stress which causes ACTH to be secreted from the anterior pituitary and stimulate the adrenal cortex
183
what type of carbohydrate is glucose
monosaccharide
184
what triggers the secretion of ADH
when the amount of water in the blood is low and the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood is higher than normal
185
what is the main function of calcitonin
to lower blood calcium levels
186
what controls the pituitary gland
the hypothalamus
187
what is an antidiuretic
something that reduces urine output and prevents you from losing water
188
function of testosterone
male reproduction, bone and muscle mass, development of male sexual characteristics
189
in general, what do cells use glucose for
energy
190
what are cortisols target organs
it primarily targets muscle, adipose tissue (fat), the liver and the pancreas
191
what inhibits the secretion of melatonin
light
192
what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland
the anterior and posterior pituitary
193
what does the binding of hGH to receptors cause (4)
an increase of protein synthesis, cell division and growth, metabolic breakdown and the release of stored fats
194
whats goitre and what causes it
the enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet making it so that the body is unable to produce sufficient levels of thyroxine
195
what is insulins target cell
it has target cells all throughout the body but they are most prominent in the muscle cells and liver cells
196
what does ACTH stand for
adrenocorticotropic hormone
197
what hormones does the adrenal medulla produce
epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine/noradrenaline
198
which hormone inhibits excessive hGH secretion
somatostatin
199
what is the hormone release process for the thyroid (6 steps)
1. the hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
2. the anterior pituitary releases TSH into the bloodstream
3. TSH targets the thyroid
4. the thyroid secretes thyroxine into the bloodstream
5. it travels in the blood stream to target cells throughout the body where it stimulates increased cellular respiration
6. high levels of thyroxine cause negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus which shuts down the production of TSH and therefore the release of thyroxine
200
how does TSH affect homeostasis
it stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine which regulates metabolism so TSH indirectly affects metabolic levels
201
how does the secretion of PTH work (2)
- It binds to receptors on bone cells, kidneys and digestive tract to stimulate them to either absorb more calcium from food or the urine or to break down stored calcium so it can enter the blood
- After the calcium levels are raised the parathyroid is signaled to stop the secretion of PTH
202
what is the function of norepinephrine
mobilizing the body's "fight-or-flight" response by increasing alertness, attention, arousal, heart rate, and blood pressure during stressful situations
203
how do non-steroid hormones work
they attach to the cell membrane triggering a chain of chemical reactions within the cell which leads to the activation of a particular enzyme either increasing or decreasing the production of a particular chemical
204
what is the main type mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
205
what are the islets of langerhans
cluster of endocrine cells found throughout the pancreas that secrete the pancreatic hormones directly into the blood stream
206
what are the islets of langerhans responsible for
secreting 2 hormones that regulate blood sugar
207
where is ADH secreted from
the posterior pituitary gland
208
what are alpha cells stimulated by
low blood glucose levels
209
what are the functions of thyroxine (3)
- increases the rate at which the body metabolizes fats, proteins and carbohydrates for energy
- stimulates the heart, skeletal muscles, liver and kidney cells to increase the rate of cellular respiration
- influences the organization of various cells into tissues and organs in children
210
what is the target organ of PTH
the bones and kidneys
211
what does abnormally low TSH levels indicate
hyperthyroidism or an over active thyroid
212
what are tropic hormones
hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate them to release other hormones
213
what is hypoglycemia
when your blood sugar is lower then the normal range
214
what is diabetes mellitus
a serious chronic condition that results when the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body does not respond properly to insulin
215
how is the secretion of cortisol controlled
by a negative feedback loop where increased cortisol levels in the blood cause negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary which suppresses ACTH production an stops the release of cortisol
216
difference between a positive and negative feedback mechanism
negative feedback mechanisms regulate the system and bring it back to homeostasis whereas positive feedback systems bring the system farther away from homeostasis
217
what is the main function of ADH
it stimulates the reabsorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys
218
how is acromegaly treated
hormone therapy where hormones that inhibit production of hGH are injected into the affected person; surgery or radiation to remove a tumor if that is what is causing the condition
219
how does thyroxine affect homeostasis (2)
- affects how much energy and calories the body uses based on adjusting metabolic rates and how fast cell undergo cellular respiration
- helps maintain a stable body temperature
220
what are the main things that calcium is needed for (4)
tooth and bone development, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmissions, muscle contraction
221
how many hormones are involved in the feedback loop of a tropic hormone and what are their general types
- 3 hormones
hormone 1: releasing hormone
hormone 2: stimulating hormone
hormone 3: target gland hormone
222
what is hGH target organ
affects almost every tissue in the body either by direct stimulation or tropic effect; especially targets cartilage, muscles and bones
223
what is ACTH action mechanism
1. hypothalamus senses low levels of cortisol in the blood and secretes a releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary
2. the anterior pituitary secretes ACTH which travels through the blood stream to the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands
3. it binds to receptors on the adrenal cortex which signals the adrenal cortex to release cortisol
4. once cortisol levels in the blood rise, the hypothalamus is signaled to release an inhibiting hormone which tells the anterior pituitary to stop secreting ACTH
224
what is the active form of thyroxine/what does it convert to after its been released
Triiodothyronine (T3)
225
where is estrogen produced and secreted from
mainly in the ovaries but the adrenal cortex also produces a small amount
226
how does the adrenal medulla work (3 steps)
1. in response to a stressor, the sympathetic neurons carry a signal from the hypothalamus directly to the adrenal medulla
2. this stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and a small amount of norepinephrine
3. these hormones trigger an increase in metabolism, breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the heart and muscles, and an increase in blood sugar by triggering the conversion of glycogen to glucose in order to prepare the body for a fight or flight response
227
what does high TSH levels indicate
hypothyroidism or an underactive thyroid
228
what is the most abundant type of glucocorticoid
cortisol
229
whats a manipulated variable
factor that you intenionally change in an experiment to see how it affects the other variables in the experiment
230
what is the hyposecretion disorder involving hGH
dwarfism
231
what is the most common type of circulating lipid-soluble hormone
steriod hormones
232
how is the anterior pituitary controlled
by releasing or release-inhibiting hormones secreted into the anterior pituitary through the portal system from the hypothalamus
233
what is aldosterones target organ
kidneys
234
what does aldosterone stimulate
the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to increase absorption of sodium into the blood stream and therefore also increases water absorption do to osmosis
235
what does diabetes do to blood sugar levels
causes them to rise sharply after meals and remain at significantly elevated levels
236
what is testosterones main target organ
the male reproductive organs
237
what does the production of thyroxine require
iodine
238
what does hGH stand for
human growth hormone
239
how do muscle cells use glucose
they use a large amount of glucose in cellular respiration
240
what is dwarfism
when the anterior pituitary produces and secretes insufficient amounts of hGH during childhood causing the affected person to be of extremely small stature but still have normal body porportions
241
what is the function of TSH
it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroxine
242
what does PTH stand for
parathyroid hormone
243
how do target cells work
each target cell contains a receptor protein that is specifically shaped to bind with a type of hormone so when that hormone circulates in the blood it will bind to that receptor protein and trigger a specific reaction within the target cell
244
how are most hormones regulated
by negative feedback loops
245
what are antagonistic hormones
hormones that have opposite effects on the same chemical reaction/homeostatic level
246
what triggers the release of calcitonin
high blood calcium levels
247
what is melatonin
naturally produced hormone that lets the body know when its time to sleep and when its time to wake up
248
what is estrogens main target organs
ovaries, uterus and breasts
249
what is hyperglycemia
condition resulting from high levels of blood glucose
250
where is TSH produced and secreted from
the anterior pituitary gland
251
what happens if you have too much ACTH
blood cortisol levels will become too high which can lead to long term health effects as well as a disease called cushings syndrome
252
what are non-steroid hormones
proteins or amino acids that attach to the cell membrane
253
where is prolactin produced and released from
the anterior pituitary
254
where is PTH produced and secreted from
the parathyroid gland
255
what stimulates the secretion of melatonin
darkness
256
what is progesterone's target gland
uterus and ovaries
257
what is glucagon's target cell
the liver
258
how does glucagon increase blood sugar levels
it stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose which is released into the bloodstream
259
how does ADH work (6 steps)
1. its produced in the hypothalamus then transferred to the posterior pituitary where it is stored
2. when blood concentration increases and there is decreased water levels in the blood the posterior pituitary releases ADH
3. ADH travels through the bloodstream to the kidneys
4. it binds to ADH receptors on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys
5. causes the kidney tubules to become more permeable to water which allows more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood
6. once there is high blood volume and low concentration of particles in the blood, it signals the hypothalamus to stop producing ADH and the posterior pituitary to stop secreting it
260
what is a diuretic
something that increases urine production and causes you to lose water
261
what does calcitonin do/how does it work
1. its secreted from the thyroid when blood calcium levels are high
2. travels through the blood to receptors mainly on bones and kidneys where it stimulate the kidneys to excrete more calcium in the urine and stimulates the uptake of calcium into the bones to lower blood calcium concentration
3. once blood calcium levels are back to a normal range, the thyroid is signaled to stop secreting calcitonin
262
what is hypothyroidism
condition that results when the thyroid produces extremely low levels of thyroxine
263
what are the functions of cortisol
- raise blood glucose levels
- anti-inflammatory
- contributes to maintaining a stable blood pressure
264
what happens if you have too much aldosterone and what symptoms does this cause
the body will retain too much sodium and lose too much potassium which will cause fatigue, irregular heart beat, and muscle weakness
265
what is diabetes insipidus
when an insufficient amount of ADH is secreted from the posterior pituitary resulting in water not being absorbed from the distal tubule and collecting ducts in the kidney
266
whats PRL target gland
mammary glands
267
what is ACTH target organ
the adrenal cortex
