Reproduction in Organisms Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
When offspring is produced by a single parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation, the reproduction is ___________
A
asexual
2
Q
Morphologically and genetically identical offsprings are also called
A
Clone
3
Q
Among single celled organism and in plants and animals with relatively simple organisation the mode of reproduction is
A
Asexual reproduction
4
Q
In _____________ and _____________, the organism or the parent cell divides by mitosis into two to give rise to new individuals
A
Protists & Monerans
5
Q
Many single celled organisms reproduce by _______________, where a cell divides in two halves and each rapidly grows into adult.
A
Binary fission
6
Q
The phenomenon of cyst formation is termed as
A
Encystation
7
Q
When favorable conditions return, the encysted amoeba divides by-
A
Multiple fission
8
Q
The encysted Amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many minute amoeba or _____________
A
Pseudopodiospores
9
Q
The cyst wall bursts out, and the spores are liberated in the surrounding medium to grow up into many amoebae. This phenomenon is known as
A
Sporulation
10
Q
Members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple plants such as algae reproduce through special _____________________
A
asexual reproductive structures
11
Q
Members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple plants such as algae reproduce through special asexual reproductive structures. The most common of these structures are ________
A
Zoospores
12
Q
_________ are usually a microscopic & motile structure
A
Zoospores
13
Q
Name any three common asexual reproductive structures
A
Conidia, Buds and Gemmules
14
Q
In plants, the units of _________________ such as runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb are all capable of giving rise to new offspring
A
Vegetative propagation
15
Q
In some organisms, if the body breaks into distinct pieces (fragments) each fragment grows into an adult capable of producing offspring. This is called
A
Fragmentation
16
Q
Name the aquatic plant which is also known as the terror of Bengal
A
Water hyacinth
17
Q
Adventitious buds arise from the notches present at margins of leaves of ______________
A
Bryophyllum
18
Q
In animals, the ____________ phase is followed by morphological and physiological changes prior to active reproductive behaviour.
A
Juvenile phase
19
Q
The juvenile phase is also known as
A
Vegetative phase
20
Q
Name the plant which flowers once in 12 years
A
Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji)
21
Q
In non-primate mammals like cows, sheep, rats, deers, dogs, tiger, etc., cyclical changes during reproduction are called
A
Oestrus cycle
22
Q
The cyclic changes in primates like monkey, apes, and humans are called
A
Menstrual cycle
23
Q
In sexual reproduction, fusion of gametes is termed as
A
Fertilisation / syngamy
24
Q
The events like fusion of gametes, the formation of zygote and embryogenesis are characteristics of_________
A
Sexual reproduction
25
Three stages of sexual reproduction are
Pre-fertilization, fertilization and post-fertilization events
26
________________ refers to the process of formation of the two types of gametes – male and female.
Gametogenesis
27
When both the gametes are similar in appearance that these can't be distinguished, these gametes are called
Homogametes (isogametes)
28
Morphologically distinct types of gametes are called
Heterogametes
29
Male gametes are also called
Antherozoid or sperm
30
Female gamete is also called the ________
Egg or ovum
31
The fertilization of plants and some invertebrate animals by their own sperm rather than that of another individual is called
Self-fertilisation
32
Bisexual animals that possess both male and female reproductive organs are called ____.
Hermaphrodites
33
In several plants, the bisexual condition is denoted by ___________
Monoecious
34
The term used to describe the unisexual condition in plants is
Heterothallic
35
The term used for unisexuality in plants is
Heterothallic / Dioecious
36
The term used for unisexual male flower is
Staminate
37
_____________ refers to having both the male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.
Monoecious
38
____________ refers to having both the male and female reproductive organs in the separate individuals.
Dioecious
39
Bisexual animals that possess both male and female reproductive organs, are _____________
Hermaphrodites
40
There are two types of gametes in all ______________ species
Heterogametic species
41
The plant body of several organisms belonging to Monera, fungi, algae, and bryophytes is __________ in nature.
Haploid
42
The reduction division has to occur if a __________ body has to produce haploid gametes
Diploid
43
In diploid organisms, specialised cells called ___________ undergo meiosis
Meiocytes
44
At the end of meiosis, only ___________________ gets incorporated into each __________
One set of chromosomes; gamete
45
After their formation, male and female gametes must be physically brought together to facilitate ___________
Fusion (fertilisation)
46
___________ produced in anthers therefore, have to be transferred to the stigma before it can lead to fertilisation.
Pollen grains
47
In bisexual, self-fertilising plants, e.g., peas, transfer of pollen grains to the ___________ is relatively easy.
Stigma
48
A specialised event called______________ facilitates transfer of pollen grains to the stigma.
Pollination
49
__________ results in the formation of a diploid zygote.
Syngamy
50
Syngamy results in the formation of a diploid __________
Zygote
51
A natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by sperm is
Parthenogenesis
52
In many terrestrial organisms, syngamy occurs inside the body of the organism and the process is called
Internal fertilization
53
_____________ refers to the process of development of embryo from the zygote
Embryogenesis
54
During embryogenesis zygote undergoes ______________________ and ___________________
Cell division and cell differentiation
55
An oviparous animal is one that produces______
eggs
56
____________ animals give birth to their young ones.
Viviparous
57
In oviparous animals like reptiles and birds, the fertilised eggs covered by hard _________
Calcareous shell
58
The ovary develops into the fruit which develops a thick, protective wall called
Pericarp
59
The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its ___.
life span
60
___ is defined as a biological process in which an
organism gives rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself.
Reproduction
61
Life spans of organisms are not necessarily correlated with their ______
Sizes
62
In yeast the division of cells is______
unequal
63
__________ are the mode of asexual reproduction in sponge.
gemmules
64
Crows and parrots show wide difference in their _______
lifespans
65
Between mango and peepal tree, which one lives longer?
Peepal tree
66
Except single celled organism, what is certain for every other living organism?
death
67
No individual is immortal, except __________
Single-celled organisms.
68
The process in living organism that ensures continuity is________
reproduction
69
Conidia are asexual reproductive structures found in_________.
Penicillium
70
Crow has a lifespan of ______
15 years
71
Crocodile has a lifespan of _____
60 years
72
Life span of parrot is ____
140 years
73
The life span of butterfly spans from ________
1 to 2 weeks
74
Tortoise usually have a long lifespan that can range from _____ to _______ years.
100 to 150
75
Reproduction is defined as a _________ process in which an organism gives rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself.
biological
76
There is a cycle of _____, _________ and death.
birth, growth
77
Asexual reproductive structures found in chlamydomonas are __________
zoospores
78
Reproduction enables the ________ of the species, generation after generation
continuity
79
Each organism has evolved its own mechanism to ________ and produce offspring.
multiply
80
Among an organism's internal and external physiology, which one affects the reproduction?
Internal physiology
81
Which mode of reproduction produces offsprings identical to one another and also exact copies of their parent?
Asexual
82
Asexual reproductive structures found in Hydra are __________.
Buds
83
Asexual reproductive structures found in Pencillium are _________
Conidia
84
Asexual reproductive structures found in sponge are __________.
Gemmules
85
Vegetative propagules found in potato are __________
eyes
86
Vegetative propagules found in ginger are __________.
rhizome
87
Vegetative propagules found in agave are ________
bulbil
88
Vegetative propagules found in bryophyllum are _________
leaf buds
89
Vegetative propagules found in water hyacinth are __________
offset
90
In animals and other simple organisms the term ______ is used unambiguously.
Asexual
91
What is the term used for asexual reproduction in plants?
Vegetative reproduction
92
The formation of vegetative propagules is _______ as it does not involve two parents.
asexual
93
Water hyacinth is found in standing or running water?
Standing water
94
Water hyacinth drains which gas from waters?
oxygen
95
Water hyacinth drains oxygen from water leading to death of ______
fishes
96
It is difficult to get rid of water hyacinth as it can propagate at a phenomenal rate through ____________
vegetative propagation.
97
Name the plant which was introduced in India because of its beautiful flowers and shape of leaves but later turned invasive.
water hyacinth
98
Small plants can be seen emerging from which structure in potato?
eyes
99
Small plants emerge from the ________ of banana and ginger.
rhizomes
100
The site of origin of the new plantlets present in the modified stems of plants is _______
nodes
101
Which structure after coming in contact with damp soil or water, produces roots and new plants?
nodes
102
Which organism exhibit both sexual and asexual mode of reproduction?
Algae and fungi
103
Algae and fungi shift to ________ method of reproduction just before the onset of adverse conditions.
sexual
104
Asexual (vegetative) as well as sexual modes of reproduction are exhibited by __________
Higher plants
105
Which mode of reproduction is present in most of the animals?
Sexual
106
Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes,either by the ____ individual or by ______ individuals of the opposite sex
same, different
107
Gametes fuse to form the _____ which develops to form the new organism.
zygote
108
Which process results in formation of offspring that are not identical to the parents or amongst themselves?
sexual reproduction
109
Sexual reproduction is an ______, ________ and _______ process as compared to asexual reproduction
elaborate, complex, slow
110
Plants, animals or fungi share a similar pattern of __________ mode of reproduction.
sexual
111
Juvenile or vegetative phase are of ________ durations in different organisms.
different
112
The end of juvenile/vegetative phase marks the beginning of the _________ phase.
reproductive
113
Reproductive phase can be seen easily in the higher plants during ___________.
flowering
114
Plants –the _______and ______ types, show clear cut vegetative,reproductive and senescent phases.
annual, biennial
115
Vegetative, reproductive and senescent phases are very difficult to clearly define in ___________ plants.
perennial
116
_______ species flower only once in their life time.
Bamboo
117
Bamboo species flower only once in their life time, generally after how many years?
50-100 years
118
In animals, the juvenile phase is followed by __________ and _________ changes prior to active reproductive behaviour
morphological and physiological
119
The reproductive phase is also of ________ duration in different organisms.
variable
120
The females of _______ mammals exhibit cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase
placental
121
Many mammals, especially those living in natural, wild conditions exhibit menstrual cycles only during favourable seasons in their reproductive phase and are therefore called _____________
Seasonal breeders
122
Mammals that reproduce actively throughout their reproductive phase are called ___________ breeders.
continuous
123
The end of reproductive phase can be considered as one of the parameters of __________ or old age.
senescence
124
__________ ultimately leads to death.
Old age
125
In both plants and animals, __________ are responsible for the transitions between the three phases
hormones
126
Interaction between hormones and certain environmental factors regulate the _________ processes and the associated _______ expressions of organisms.
reproductive, behavioural
127
The events of sexual reproduction though elaborate and complex, follow a _______ sequence.
regular
128
The two main pre-fertilisation events are _______ and ________ transfer.
gametogenesis, gamete
129
Gametes are ______ cells
haploid
130
Which type of gametes are found in Cladophora (an alga)?
Isogametes
131
Type of gametes present in Fucus and Homo sapiens is __________
Heterogametes
132
Heterogametes are found in majority of ________ reproducing organisms
sexually
133
The term used for unisexual female flower is
Pistillate
134
Cucurbits and coconuts are examples of _________ plants.
Monoecious
135
Earthworms, sponge, tapeworm and leech, typical examples of _______ animals
bisexual
136
Cockroach is an example of a _________ species.
unisexual
137
In organisms belonging to pteridophytes,gymnosperms, angiosperms and most of the animals including human beings, the parental body is ________
diploid
138
Earthworm is a bisexual animal and cockroach is a _________ animal
unisexual
139
Male thallus in Marchantia contains _________ while female thallus contains __________.
Antheridiophore, Archegoniophore
140
Chara is _______ plant while Marchantia is _______ plant.
monoecious, dioecious
141
Female sex organ found in Chara is
oogonium
142
Male sex organ found in Chara is
antheridium
143
Sweet potato produces bisexual or unisexual flowers?
bisexual
144
If the ploidy level in gametes is 'n' then the ploidy level in meiocytes will be ______.
2n
145
Meiocytes are haploid or diploid?
diploid
146
Chromosome number in meiocytes of human is_____
46
147
Chromosome number in meiocytes of house fly is_____
12
148
Chromosome number in meiocytes of dog is_____
78
149
Chromosome number in gamete of cat is _____
19
150
Chromosome number in gamete of rat is _____
21
151
Chromosome number in meiocytes of fruit fly is ______
8
152
Chromosome number in gamete of Ophioglossum (a fern) is _____
630
153
Chromosome number in gamete of apple is _____
17
154
Chromosome number in meiocytes of rice is _____
24
155
Chromosome number in meiocytes of maize is ______
20
156
Chromosome number in gamete of potato is _____
24
157
Chromosome number in meiocytes of butterfly is ______
380
158
Chromosome number in meiocytes of onion is ______
16
159
In a majority of organisms, _______ gamete is motile and the _______gamete is stationary
male, female
160
Organisms in which both types of gametes are motile are few _______ and ______.
Fungi, algae
161
In several simple plants like algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes, _______is the medium through which this gamete transfer takes place.
water
162
The number of _____ gametes produced is several thousand times the number of ________ gametes produced.
male, female
163
Pollen grains germinate on the _______.
stigma
164
Successful _______ and coming together of gametes is essential for the most critical event in sexual reproduction, the _______
transfer, fertilisation
165
The most vital event of sexual reproduction is perhaps the fusion of _______.
gametes
166
The terms syngamy and _______ are frequently used though , interchangeably
fertilisation
167
Development phenomenon taking place in some organisms like rotifers, honeybees and even some lizards and birds (turkey), is known as ____________.
Parthenogenesis
168
Which type of gametic fusion occurs in majority of algae and fishes as well as amphibians?
External fertilisation
169
Organisms exhibiting external fertilisation show great ______ between the sexes
synchrony
170
Release of large number of gametes into the surrounding medium (water) in order to enhance the chances of syngamy occurs in bony ______ and ________.
fishes, frogs
171
A major disadvantage of external fertilisation is that the offspring are extremely vulnerable to _________ threatening their survival up to ___________.
predators, adulthood
172
In organisms exhibiting internal fertilisation, the male gamete is ______ and has to reach the egg in order to fuse with it
motile
173
Internal fertilisation occurs in many terrestrial organisms, belonging to ______, higher animals such as ______, birds, mammals and in a majority of _______.
fungi, reptiles, plants
174
In the event of internal fertilisation the number of sperms produced is very large but there is a significant reduction in the number of ______ produced.
eggs
175
In seed plants, however, the__________ male gametes are carried to female gamete by pollen tubes.
non-motile
176
Events in sexual reproduction after the formation of zygote are called __________events.
post-fertilisation
177
Formation of the diploid zygote is universal in all ______ reproducing organisms.
sexually
178
In organisms exhibiting external fertilisation, zygote is formed in the external medium usually ______
water
179
In animals exhibiting ________ fertilisation, zygote is formed inside the body of the organism.
internal
180
Further development of the zygote depends on the type of ____________ the organism has and the ________ it is exposed to
lifecycle, environment
181
In organisms belonging to fungi and algae, zygote develops a thick wall that is resistant to _________ and damage.
dessication
182
In organisms with ______ life cycle, zygote divides by meiosis to form haploid spores that grow into _______ individuals.
haplontic, haploid
183
_______ is the vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one generation and the next
Zygote
184
Every __________ reproducing organism, including human beings begin life as a single cell–the zygote.
sexually
185
Cell divisions increase the number of cells in the developing ________.
embryo
186
Cell ________ helps groups of cells to undergo certain modifications to form specialised tissues and organs to form an organism.
differentiation
187
Oviparous animals lay _______/_______ eggs.
fertilised/unfertilised
188
In oviparous animals like reptiles and birds,young ones hatch out after a period of ___________.
incubation
189
In viviparous animals (majority of mammals including human beings), the zygote develops into a young one inside the body of the ______ organism
female
190
After attaining a certain stage of _______,the young ones are delivered out of the body of the female organism.
growth
191
Because of proper embryonic care and protection, the chances of survival of young ones is greater in _________ organisms.
viviparous
192
In flowering plants, the zygote is formed inside the _______.
ovule
193
After fertilisation what parts of the flower wither and fall off?
sepals, petals and stamens
194
Generally even after fertilisation the _____ remains attached to the plant.
pistil
195
Following fertilisation, which structure develops in to embryo?
zygote
196
After fertilization, the ovules develop into ____.
seed
197
The ovary develops into the_______ which develops a thick wall called _________
fruit, pericarp
198
What is the function of pericarp?
protection
199
After dispersal, seeds germinate under _______ conditions to produce new plants.
favourable
