Biotechnology and its applications Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Biotechnology can be employed to increase food production by using agro-chemical based, ____ and ____ crop-based agriculture
A
organic; genetically engineered
2
Q
The revolution that helped in increasing food supply was:
A
Green revolution
3
Q
Increased Yields have partly been due to the use of improved crop varieties, but mainly due to the use of better _____ and use of _____
A
management practices ; agrochemicals
4
Q
Agrochemicals used to increase crop yield during Green revolution were - ____ and ____
A
fertilisers; pesticides
5
Q
Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called
A
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
6
Q
Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses like :
A
cold, drought, salt and heat
7
Q
___ has helped to reduce post harvest losses
A
Genetic modification
8
Q
Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice is
A
Golden rice
9
Q
GM has been used to create tailor made plants to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of ____, ___ and ___
A
starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals
10
Q
Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called :
A
Bacillus thuringiensis
11
Q
Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the ___
A
bacteria
12
Q
Some strains of ___ produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans
A
Bacilus thuringiensis
13
Q
Lepidopterans that can be killed by Bt toxins are ____ and ___
A
Tobacco budworm; armyworm
14
Q
Bt toxin is used to kill coleopterans like
A
beetles
15
Q
Dipterans like flies and mosquitoes can be killed by :
A
Bt toxin
16
Q
Bt toxin protein exists as ____ in Bacillus
A
inactive protoxins
17
Q
Activated Bt toxin protein binds to the surface of ___ cells in the gut of insects?
A
midgut epithelial cells
17
Q
_____ gene controls corn borer in plants
A
cryIAb
17
Q
B. thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic ____
A
insecticdial protein
17
Q
Inactive protoxin is converted into active form in the gut of the insect due to :
A
alkaline pH
17
Q
Bt toxin is encoded by a gene named ___
A
cry
17
Q
Cotton bollworms are controlled by the proteins encoded by the genes ____ and ___
A
cryIAc; cryIIAc
17
Q
Death of the insect after ingesting Bt toxin is due to the creation of pores that cause ___ and ____
A
cell swelling; lysis
17
Q
In RNAi,a specific mRNA is silenced due to the binding of a complementary ____ to it
A
dsRNA
17
A nematode ______ infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes great reduction in yield
Meloidegyne incognitia
17
Meloidegyne incognitia infects the ___ of tobacco plants
roots
17
dsRNA in RNAi prevents ____ of the mRNA
translation
17
_____ takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense
RNA interference (RNAi)
17
A novel strategy was adopted to prevent the infestation which was based on the process of _____
RNA interference (RNAi)
17
Using ____ vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant
Agrobacterium
17
Complementary dsRNA in RNAi is provided by an infection by viruses having RNA genomes or ______
mobile genetic elements/ transposons
18
The introduction of DNA in RNAi was such that it produced both ____ and ____ RNA in the host cells
sense; anti-sense
18
Management of adult-onset diabetes is possible by taking _____ at regular time intervals
insulin
18
Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by :
disulphide bridges
18
Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from
pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs
18
In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesised as a _____
pro-hormone
19
Insulin pro-hormone contains an extra peptide called the :
C peptide
20
In 1983, an American company that prepared recombinant insulin was
Eli Lily
21
A and B chains of human insulin were introduced in plasmids of ____ to produce insulin chains
E.coli
22
____ is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo
Gene therapy
23
The first clinical gene therapy was given in ___ to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
1990
24
The first clinical gene therapy was given to a patient with _____ deficiency
adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
25
ADA deficiency is caused due to deletion of gene for enzyme :
adenosine deaminase
26
In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by _____ transplantation
bone marrow
27
In order to treat ADA deficiency, a functional ADA cDNA is transferred by using a ___ vector
retroviral
28
Due to mortal behaviour of cells introduced during bone marrow transplantation, the patient requires regular infusion of genetically engineered ______
lymphocytes
29
Permanent cure of ADA deficiency is to isolate gene producing ADA from bone marrow cells and introduce it into cells at an ___ stage
early embryonic
30
Techniques used for early diagnosis of disease are :
Recombinant DNA technology, PCR and ELISA
31
PCR stands for:
Polymerase Chain Reaction
32
ELISA stands for:
Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay
33
Low concentration of pathogen can be detected by amplification of their nucleic acid by:
PCR
34
Technique now routinely used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients is :
PCR
35
A probe is allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using ____
autoradiography
36
ELISA is based on the principle of :
Antigen - antibody interaction
37
Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as
transgenic animals
38
95% of all existing transgenic animals are :
mice
39
____ animals can be specifically designed to allow study of normal physiology and development
transgenic animals
40
Transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as :
cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's
41
Transgenic animals can be used to produce _____ for treatment of emphysema
alpha-1-antitrypsin
42
First transgenic cow was :
Rosie
43
First transgenic cow produced _____ grams of protein-enriched milk per litre
2.4
44
Milk produced by Rosie contained the human protein-
alpha-lactalbumin
45
Testing the safety of vaccines is first used on _____ before using on humans
transgenic mice
46
______ could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of batches of the vaccine
Transgenic mice
47
Transgenic animals designed for testing _____ carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals
chemical safety/ animals
48
The government organisation that makes decision regarding the validity of GM research is :
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)
49
How many documented varieties of Basmati rice are grown in India?
27
50
The term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisation without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without complementary payment is
Biopiracy
51
The _____ amendment of Indian Patent Bill takes issues like patent terms emergency provisions and research and development initiative into consideration
second
52
Biotechnology, essentially deals with industrial scale production of _____ and biological
biopharmaceuticals
53
Biotechnology uses ____ modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals
genetically
54
The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, _____, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, _____, waste treatment and _____ production
diagnostic,bioremendiation, energy
55
Biotechnology has _____ critical research areas
three
56
Research areas of biotechnology involves providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a _____ or pure _______
microbe, enzyme
57
Research area of biotechnology involves creating optimal conditions through engineering for a _____ to act
catalyst
58
_____ processing technologies are used to purify the protein/ organic compound
Downstream
59
Human beings have used biotechnology to improve the quality of human life, especially in the field of _____ and ____
food production, health
60
The Green Revolution succeeded in ____ the food supply
trippling
61
For the farmers in the _____ world, agrochemicals are often too expensive
developing
62
Further increases in yield with existing varieties are not possible using _____ breeding
conventional
63
Genetic modification has reduced reliance on ____ (pest-resistant crops)
chemical pesticides
64
Genetic modification has increased efficiency of ______ usage by plants
mineral
65
Efficient mineral usage by plants prevents early exhaustion of ____ of soil
fertility
66
Production of pest resistant plants could decrease the amount of _____ used
pesticide
67
Bt toxin gene has been expressed in ____
plant
68
Bt toxin gene expressed in plants provides resistance to insects without the need for insecticides in effect created a ______
bio-pesticide
69
Examples of pest resistant plants are Bt cotton, Bt corn, ____, ____, _____ and soyabean, etc
rice, tomato, potato
70
Bt toxin eventually causes ____ of the insect
death
71
The choices of genes depends upon the crop and the ___
targeted pest
72
Most Bt toxins are _____ specific
insect-group
73
Several ____ parasite a wide variety of plants and animals including human beings
nematode
74
Sense and anti-sense RNA being ____ to each other formed a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi
complementary
75
RNAi silenced the specific _____ of the nematode
mRNA
76
The parasite could not survive in a _____ host expressing specific interfering RNA
transgenic
77
The recombinant DNA technological processes have made immense impact in the area of healthcare by enabling ____ of safe and more effective ___ drugs
mass production, therapeutic
78
The ____ do not induce unwanted immunological responses
recombinant theraupeutics
79
Unwanted immunological responses are common in case of similar products isolated from _____ sources
non human
80
At pesent, about _____ recombinant therapeutics have been approved for huma-use the world over
30
81
In India, _____ recombinant therapeutics are presently being marketed
12
82
You can easily grow a large quantity of the _____ and make as much insulin as you need
bacteria
83
Insulin from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop _____ or other types of _____ to the foreign protein
allergy; reactions
84
Like a _____, the pro-hormone also needs to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and ____ hormone
pro-enzyme, functional
85
C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during ____ into insulin
maturation
86
The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a ____ form
mature
87
Chains A and B were produced separately, ____ and ____ by creating disulpfide bonds to form human insulin
extracted, combined
87
In gene therapy, genes are inserted into a person's ______ and ______ to treat a disease
cells, tissues
88
Correction of a genetic defect involves delivery of a _____ gene into the individual or embryo to take over the function of and compensate for the____ gene
normal, non-fuctional
89
Adenosine deaminase enzyme is crucial for the ____ to function
immune system
90
In enzyme replacement therapy, functional ADA is given to the patient by____
injection
91
Bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy are not ____ for ADA deficiency
completely curative
92
As a first step towards gene therapy,_____ from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the body
lymphocytes
93
For effective treatment of a disease, early diagnosis and understanding its ____ is very important
pathophysiology
94
Using _______ of diagnosis, early detection is not possible
conventional methods
95
Conventional methods of diagnosis involves ______ and ______ analysis
serum, urine
96
Presence of a pathogen (bacteria, viruses, etc) is normally suspected only when the pathogen has produced a _______
disease symptom
97
PCR is being used to detect mutations in genes in suspected ______ patients too
cancer
98
PCR is a powerful technique to identify many other _____ disorders
genetic
99
The clone having the _____ gene will hence not appear on the photographic film
mutated
100
The probe will not have ______ will the mutated gene
complementarity
101
Infection by pathogen can be detected by the presence of _____ or by detecting the ______ synthesised against the pathogen
antigens, antibodies
102
Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how ____ contribute to the development of disease
genes
103
Transgenic animals are specially made to serve as models for _____ so that investigation of new treatments for diseases is made possible
human diseases
104
Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products, but such products are often _____ to make
expensive
105
Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of _______ which codes for a particular product
DNA (or genes)
106
Attempts similar to those used for emphysema are being made for treatment of _____ and ______
phenylketouria (PKU), cystic fibrosis
107
The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more _____ product for human babies than natural cow-milk
balanced
108
Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the _____ vaccine
polio
109
Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more _____ to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals
sensitive
110
Toxicity testing in transgenic animals will allow us to obtain results in ______
less time
111
The modification/usuage of living organisms for public services (as food and medicine sources, for example) has also created problems with ______ granted for the same
patents
112
There is growing public anger that certain companies are being granted patents for products and technologies that make use of the _____, ______ and other ______ resources that have long been identified, developed and used by farmers and indigenous people of a specific region/country
genetic materials, plants, biological
113
Rice is an important food grain, the presence of which goes back thousands of years in ______ agriculture history
Asia's
114
There are an estimated _____ varieties of rice in India alone
200000
115
The diversity of ______ in India is one of the richest in the world
rice
116
Basmati rice id distinct for its unique _____ and ______
aroma, flavour
117
There is reference to Basmati in ancient texts, folklore and poetry, as it had been grown for ______
centuries
118
In 1997, an American company got patent rights on basmati rice through the __________
US Patent and Trademark Office
119
The 'new' variety of basmati had actually been derived from _______ farmer's varieties
Indian
120
Indian Basmati was crossed with _____ varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty
semi-dwarf
121
The patent extends to ________ equivalents, implying that other people selling Basmati rice could be restricted by the patents
functional
122
Several attempts have also been made to patent uses, products and processes based on Indian traditional herbal medicines,e.g., _____
tuemeric, neem
123
If we are not vigilant and we do not immediately counter these patent applications, other countries/ individuals may encash on our ______ and we may not be able to do anything about it
rich legacy
124
Most of the industrialised nations are rich financially but poor in ______ and ____ knowledge
biodiversity, traditional
125
The developing and the underdeveloped world is rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to _______
bio-resources
126
Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources can be exploited to develop modern applications and can also be used to save _____, _____ and _____ during their commercialisation
time, efort, expenditure
127
There has been growing realisation of the ______, ______ and _____ sharing between developed and developing countries
injustice, inadequate compensation, benefit
128
Some nations are developing laws to prevent such unauthorised ______ of their bio-resources and traditional knowledge
exploitation
129
Identify A, B, C and D in the following figure
A) Proinsulin, B) A peptide, C) B peptide, D) Free C peptide
130
Find A and B in the given figure
A) Cotton Boll destroyed by bollworms, B) A fully mature Cotton Boll
131
In the given figure for nematode infection, amongst A and B which one is a transgenic plant ?
B
132
What is represented in the given figure?
Maturation of pro-insulin into insulin
