Digestion and Absorption Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
The anterior and posterior opening of alimentary canal is
A
Mouth and anus
2
Q
The __________ has a number of teeth and a muscular tongue
A
oral / buccal cavity
3
Q
The type of attachment of teeth in jaws of humans is called
A
Thecodont
4
Q
The type of dentition exhibited by majority of mammals is
A
Diphyodont
5
Q
The dental formula of human adults is
A
2123/2123
6
Q
Possession of four different types of teeth is called __________ dentition
A
Heterodont
7
Q
The hard chewing surface of the teeth, made up of enamel helps in __________ of food.
A
mastication
8
Q
The tongue is attached to the floor of oral cavity by
A
Frenulum
9
Q
The upper surface of tongue has small projections called _______, some of which bear taste buds.
A
Papillae
10
Q
Oesophagus and trachea opens into a common passage called
A
Pharynx
11
Q
During swallowing, entry of food into glottis is prevented by ___________
A
Epiglottis
12
Q
Food to stomach is transported via thin, long tube called
A
Oesophagus
13
Q
Opening of oesophagus into stomach is regulated by a muscular sphincter known as
A
Gastro-oesophageal sphincter
14
Q
The part of stomach into which oesophagus opens is
A
Cardiac
15
Q
The part of stomach which opens into small intestine is
A
Pyloric
16
Q
The C shaped region of small intestine is
A
Duodenum
17
Q
The coiled parts of small intestine include both ___________ and __________
A
Jejunum and ileum
18
Q
The sphincter which guards the opening of stomach into duodenum is
A
Pyloric sphincter
19
Q
Large intestine is composed of three parts, namely
A
Caecum,colon and rectum
20
Q
The part of large intestine which is home to several symbiotic microbes is
A
Caecum
21
Q
A vestigial organ arising from caecum is
A
Vermiform appendix
22
Q
The part of colon opening into rectum is
A
Descending part
23
Q
The part of large intestine that opens out through anus is
A
Rectum
24
Q
The four layers forming the wall of alimentary canal from oesophagus to rectum are, namely
A
Serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa and mucosa
25
Serosa, the outermost layer of alimentary canal is made up of _____________ with some connective tissues.
Mesothelium
26
Muscularis is made up of _______________
Smooth muscles
27
The layer of alimentary canal which is arranged into inner circular and outer longitudinal layer is
Muscularis
28
Submucosal layer is primarily made up of __________ containing nerves, blood and lymph vessels.
Loose connective tissue
29
In duodenum region, glands are also present in _________ layer of alimentary canal
Sub-mucosal
30
The innermost layer lining the lumen of alimentary canal is
mucosa
31
The layer of alimentary canal forming irregular folds and villi is
Mucosa
32
Villi are present in
Small intestine
33
The cells lining villi produce numerous microscopic projections called
Microvilli
34
The type of appearance given by microvilli is
Brush-border appearance
35
The advantage of villi and microvilli is that they increase ______________ for absorption
Surface area
36
Villi are supplied by a network of capillaries and large lymph vessel called
Lacteal
37
The cells which secrete mucus that help in lubrication are
Goblet cells
38
Gastric glands in stomach are formed by
Mucosa
39
Crypts formed by mucosa in between bases of villi in intestine are called
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
40
The digestive glands associated with alimentary canal are
Salivary glands, liver and pancreas
41
Saliva is mainly produced by three pairs of salivary glands which are -
1)Parotid
2)sub-maxillary/sub-mandibular
3)sub- linguals
42
Submandibular glands are located in
Lower jaw
43
Saliva below the tongue is produced by
Sub-lingual glands
44
The largest gland of human body is
Liver
45
The structural and functional unit of liver is
Hepatic lobules
46
Hepatic lobules are covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called
Glisson's capsule
47
The cells responsible for secreting bile juice are
Hepatic cells
48
Bile juice is stored in
Gall bladder
49
The duct of gall bladder is called
Cystic duct
50
The ducts forming the common bile duct are
Cystic duct and hepatic duct
51
Bile duct and pancreatic duct open together into a common _________________
Hepato-pancreatic duct
52
Sphincter guarding the common hepatopancreatic duct is
Sphincter of Oddi
53
Digestive gland acting as both endocrine and exocrine gland is
Pancreas
54
Pancreas being an elongated organ is situated between the limbs of
Duodenum
55
The exocrine portion of pancreas secretes
Pancreatic juice
56
The nature of pancreatic juice is
Alkaline
57
The endocrine portion of pancreas secretes
Insulin and glucagon
58
Mastication of food and swallowing is facilitated by
Buccal cavity
59
A ball of adhered food particles in saliva is called
Bolus
60
Muscular contractions of oesophagus which helps bolus pass down are called
Peristalsis
61
The sphincter controlling the passage of food into stomach is
Gastro-oesophageal sphincter
62
The saliva secreted into the oral cavity contains _______ and enzymes, salivary amylase and _________
electrolytes, lysozyme
63
The enzymes in saliva are
Salivary amylase and lysozyme
64
Digestion of which biomolecule is initiated in oral cavity?
Starch
65
30% of starch in oral cavity is hydrolysed by
Salivary amylase
66
Starch is hydrolysed by salivary amylase at pH
6.8
67
Salivary amylase hydrolyses starch into a disaccharide
Maltose
68
The component of saliva that acts as an antibacterial agent is
Lysozyme
69
The three major types of cells exhibited by gastric glands are
Mucus neck cells, peptic/chief cells and parietal/oxyntic cells
70
Parietal cells are responsible for secreting
HCl and intrinsic factor
71
HCl and intrinsic factor in stomach are secreted by
Parietal or oxyntic cells
72
Intrinsic factor is essential for absorption of
Vitamin B12
73
Gastric juice is ________ in nature.
Acidic
74
The mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice is called
Chyme
75
Proenzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin when exposed to _________
HCl
76
Proteins are converted to peptides and proteoses by
Pepsin
77
Mucosal epithelium is protected from the action of HCl by both
Mucus and bicarbonates
78
The optimal pH for the action of pepsin is provided by
HCl
79
The proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants for the digestion of milk proteins is
Rennin
80
The juices released in small intestine include
Bile juice, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice
81
The duct releasing bile and pancreatic juice is
Hepato-pancreatic duct
82
The juice containing inactive enzymes trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases, amylases, lipases and nucleases is
Pancreatic juice
83
Proenzyme trypsinogen is converted into active form tryspin by enzyme
Enterokinase
84
Enterokinase is secreted by
Intestinal mucosa
85
The bile pigments present in bile juice are
Bilirubin and bili-verdin
86
The enzyme activated by bile is
Lipases
87
Apart from bile pigments, bile juice also contains
Bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids
88
The secretion involved in emulsification of fats is
Bile juice
89
The juice which lacks enzymes is
Bile juice
90
Mucus secreting goblet cells are located in
Intestinal mucosal epithelium
91
pH required for enzymatic activities in intestine is
7.8
92
Intestinal juice is also called
Succus entericus
93
The secretion containing enzymes disaccharidases, dipeptidases, lipases and nucleosidases is
Intestinal juice or succus entericus
94
The protection to intestinal mucosa from acid is provided by
Mucus and bicarbonates
95
The submucosal gland involved in protection of intestinal wall from acidic medium is
Brunner's gland
96
The three proteolytic enzymes which act on proteins, peptones and proteoses in intestine are
Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase
97
Carbohydrates in chyme are hydrolysed into disaccharides by
Amylase
98
Fats are broken down into diglycerides and monoglycerides by which enzyme?
Lipases
99
Nucleotides and nucleosides from nucleic acids are formed by the action of enzyme -
Nucleases
100
The final digestion occurs in very close proximity of which cells of intestine
Mucosal epithelial cells
101
The breakdown of biomolecules occurs in which region of small intestine?
Duodenum
102
The simpler substances formed after digestion are absorbed in which regions of small intestine?
Jejunum and ileum
103
The undigested food from small intestine is passed on to
large intestine
104
Fats are broken down by _______ with the help of bile into di-and monoglycerides
Lipases
105
Absorption of water, minerals and some drugs occur in which part of intestine?
Large inestine
106
In order to adhere undigested particles together and lubricate it for easy passage, mucus is secreted by
Large intestine
107
Faeces enter into caecum of large intestine through which valve?
Ileo-caecal valve
108
Until defaecation, faeces are stored in
Rectum
109
The backflow of faecal matter to ileum is prevented by
Ileo-caecal valve
110
The sight, smell or presence of food in oral cavity stimulates the secretion of
Saliva
111
The amount of heat liberated from complete combustion of 1g of food in a bomb calorimeter is
Gross calorific value
112
Small amount of monosaccharides, amino acids and some electrolytes are absorbed by the process of
Simple diffusion
113
Glucose and amino acids are usually absorbed with the help of carrier proteins by which transport?
Facilitated transport
114
The transport which occurs with the help of carrier proteins is
facilitated transport
115
The transport which occurs against the concentration gradient and requires energy is
Active transport
116
Absorption of amino acids and electrolytes like sodium occurs through?
Active transport
117
Nutrients which cannot be absorbed directly into blood are
Fatty acids and glycerol
118
Fatty acids and glycerol are incorporated into small droplets called
Micelles
119
Micelles are reformed into very small protein coated fat globules called
Chylomicrons
120
In villi, chylomicrons are transported to
Lacteals or lymph vessels
121
In alimentary canal, maximum nutrient absorption occurs in ______________
Small intestine
122
Certain ____ coming in contact with the mucosa of mouth and lower side of the tongue are absorbed into the blood capillaries lining them
drugs
123
Absorption of alcohol occurs in
Stomach
124
Absorption of some water, minerals and certain drugs occur in
Large intestine
125
The absorbed substances finally reach the tissues which utilise them for their activities. This process is called ____________
assimilation
126
Defaecation is which type of process?
Voluntary process
127
Tapeworms and roundworms are parasites harbouring which part of alimentary canal
Intestine
128
The disease characterised by liver infection and yellow eyes and skin is
Jaundice
129
Skin and eyes turn yellow in jaundice due to the deposition of ___________
Bile pigments
130
Vomiting is controlled by the vomit center in
Medulla
131
The disease which is characterised by abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of faecal discharge is
Diarrhoea
132
The condition in which faeces are retained within the colon is
Constipation
133
The two diseases caused by protein-energy malnutrition are
Marasmus and kwashiorkor
134
The malnutrition caused by simultaneous deficiency of protein and calories in an infant less than a year in age is called
Marasmus
135
Marasmus is often caused when ___________ is replaced too early by other foods poor in protein and calories
Mother's milk
136
The malnutrition in which skin of the patient becomes dry, thin and wrinkled is
Marasmus
137
The malnutrition caused by protein deficiency unaccompanied by calorie deficiency is called
Kwashiorkor
138
The malnutrition characterised by thinning of limbs, failure of growth and brain development along with extensive swelling of body parts is
Kwashiorkor
139
During swallowing, food is prevented from entering into glottis due to the presence of _________
Epiglottis
