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Aphasia Class > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

1
Q

truse or false:Observations collected through a standardized assessment inventory are considered empirical data.

A

true

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2
Q

true or false: open access means a journal is not peer reviewed

A

false

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3
Q

Select all of the following that are basic principles for a good research question.

Quantitative
Novel
Proven
Tangible
Feasible

A

novel and feasible

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4
Q

Which of the following was directly responsible for the development of PL 93-348?
The Stanford prisoner experiment
The Milgram experiment
The Little Abner experiment
The Tuskegee syphilis experiment

A

The tuskegee syphillis experiment

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5
Q

Define qualitative data and give two advantages or features of this data type.

A

involves observations and narratives.

An advantage it can identify confounding variables and expand analyses of the data. Since qualitative data is very expansive, it has a lot of room for depth and exploration and is meant to apply to a lot of people, making it a good place to start in research, helping formulate or refine research questions.`

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6
Q

describes translational research?

A

A “bridge” study that uses results from basic research to develop interventions or techniques that will be applied to specific societal problems

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7
Q

Which procedures is used to ensure every member of a population has an equal opportunity to be selected as a study participant?

A

random sampling

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8
Q

experimental types of studies

A

use of control and treatment groups, greater variable control, use of blinds.

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9
Q

what is an operational definition of a construct

A

An operational definition of a construct is what the study will be observing, how it will be measured, what type of data will be collected, and what will the study will be comparing.

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10
Q

which of the following are journal databases:

Quick reference shelf
open access
academic search complete,
google scholar
CINAHL complete.

A

Academic search complete and CINAHL Complete

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11
Q

which of the following groups does not have additional protections under federal laws for research?
underserved ethnic minorities
pregnant women
children
prisoners

A

underserved ethnic minorities

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12
Q

what are the steps of the scientific method in order from earliest to latest in the cycle.

A

1) conduct a literature review
2) devellop a research hypothesis
3) conduct the experiment
4) analyze the dara based on observations

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13
Q

which of the following terms is the tendency for journals to promote only results that are statistically significant
publication bias, confounding, recall pias, predatory journals.

A

publication bias.

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14
Q

a research distributes a survey via their personal social media accounts, but inadvertenly collects too many results from one particular demographic, which mistake did they make?

response bias, present/presnt bias/sampling error/ availability heuristic.

A

sampling error

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15
Q

in an experimental study you control or manipulate the independent/dependent variable and observe the changes in the independent/ dependent variable.

A

you control the independent variable
and observe changes in the dependent variable

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16
Q

the national comission for protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research produced which of the following?

the common rule, the national research act ,35 CFR 46, The Belmont Report.

A

The Belmont Report

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17
Q

contrast the terms hypothesis and theory

A

hypothesis= backed by information and predicts the results of one study. it is usually based on a theory.

a theory uses logical relations of hypotheses of multiple studies, it is usually an accepted answer by many for a certain phenomenon.

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18
Q

what are predatory journal

A

journals with no peer-reviewed process or falsly advertise them.

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19
Q

two factors that contributed to predatory journals.

A

the internet, and money (expensive to have peer-reviewed journals and to even get acess to peer-reviewed journalws

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20
Q

wich qualitative traditions focuses primarily on social life and culture?

A

ethnography.

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21
Q

what is a distinction of participant observation NOT shared by other qualitative data

A

the obeserver is actively engaged in an activity or social setting with the participant.

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22
Q

what type of statistics is used to commpare two or more samples of scores to one another?

A

inferential statistics

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23
Q

what technique did Tucker (2012) use to collect data exploring telepractice services from the perespectives of SLP providers?

A

qualitative interviews.

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24
Q

when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, we call this:

A

simple random sample.

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25
Q

a likert scale (e.g, Strongly agree, Agree, Neutral…) is an example of what type of variables?

A

ordinal

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26
Q

Time elapsed to complete a task is what type of variable?

A

Ratio

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27
Q

Scores on an IQ test (standard scores) is what type of variable?

A

interval.

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28
Q

A Social security number is what type of variable?

A

Nominal.

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29
Q

the process in which interviewers review collected data in light of their own background is called?

A

Self-disclosure

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30
Q

properties that apply to an ordinal scale” (2 of them)

A

Magnitude & Identity.

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31
Q

True or false: for a qualitative research, an artifact must be more than three years olf for review or analysis

A

false.

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32
Q

which of the following is not a criterion required for inclusion as a qualitative methodology, according to Damico and Simmons-Mackie (2003)

procedres are designated to focus on actual phenomena in natural settings

the methods of data collection must be rigidly applied, for example the researcher cannot return to data collection after the analysis has commenced

the procedure(s) for data collection must be carefully and delibertely employed (systematic).

The research is oriented toward social phenomena

A

the methods of data collection must be ridgidly applied….NOT.

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33
Q

what is the main difference between a mediator variable and a moderator variable?

A

There is a causal relationship from an independent variable to a mediator variable

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34
Q

an interview dictated by a detailed script for instructions, questions, and observer responses is called………….

A

Structured

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35
Q

what type of sample is when you designate different sub-groups (e.g. ethnicity), then continue to draw participants until the proportions of in each subgroup match the US population.

A

Stratified sample.

36
Q

what type of sample is when you survey every 10th peron to register for your specch-language symposium?

A

systematic sample.

37
Q

What type of sample is when you ask eachparticipant to recommend three people they know to be participants as well?

A

snowball sample.

38
Q

Instead of randomly choosing among all adults living in residential facilities on Long Island, you randomly select 10 facilities and then reach out to have those facilities survey their residents.

A

cluster cample.

39
Q

in desgning a research study, you code “ethnicitiy” in to five categories. which of the following terms applies to this variable?

continuous, dichotomus quanti, discrete

A

discrete.

40
Q

the number of people in a population (N0 is what?______.

A

a parameter.

41
Q

what is a hallmark distinction between biographicaland case studies?

A

case studies are more structured than biographical studies, with more scripted and researcher-directed questions.

42
Q

you conduct an observation of a student’s communication skills by sitting at an adjoining table during lunch time and watching them interact with their peers. indicate ALL of the following that describe thi obsetation type?

direct, indirect, naturalistic, structured, participant.

A

direct and naturalistic.

43
Q

which of the Grounded Theory coding stages involves identigying relationships between areas of data based on time, location, causaility and other vectors?

A

Axial coding.

44
Q

As part of a research study, you are collecting the birthdates of your participants. these birthdates are a constant or a varaible and why?

A

A variable, because they vary between participants

45
Q

which of the following terms is used for participants leaving a research study

confound or mortality

A

mort

46
Q

which of the following reanalyzes the results of prior research studies using effect size?

case=control, systematic review, meta-analysis, randomized control trial

A

mata-analysis.

47
Q

prior to conducting a study we use power to calculate which of the following

magnitude of mean difference required for significance
estimated sample size needed for the study
alpha
effect size.

A

magnitude of mean difference required for significance

48
Q

contrast case studies and case reports

A

case report: healthycare or clinical settings. detiled description of an individual case of a disease or condition usually unheard of.

case study: more indepth, complex and uses data from multiple sources with multiple variables collected at once. most likely a quantitative study.

49
Q

what is the primary difference between case studies and case reports

A

case study-indivdual one person. case report-uses data from multi sour.

50
Q

a cross over design is used to explore the impact of which of the following?

A

order effect

51
Q

the following term is used when you call results statistically significant but they are not.

A

type 1 error.

52
Q

which design is most likely to include a single participant

cross-sectional, case study, or cross over.

A

case study

53
Q

:p” means and if it is p<.05 means

A

probability, if p<.05 it means that it is statistically significant, it has to be less to be not significant. it is not significant if it is exact.

54
Q

true or falce if the significance is .05 it means it is statistically significant

A

fals, it has to be less thenn

55
Q

what is the meaning of .05 simplified

A

it is a threshold

56
Q

what is the primary advantage of a case study or case report design

A

allows for intensive analysis of a single issue.

57
Q

what design is capable of supporting causal inferences

A

cross-over

58
Q

what is the tolerance level (i.e. amount considered unacceptable for Beta?

A

20%

59
Q

which of the following is a descriptive study design

randomized control trial
case-control,
systematic review,
cohort.

A

systematic review.

60
Q

the total number of cases in a populatoin is referred to as…… .

A

prevelance

61
Q

and the number of new cases in a given time period is…….. .

A

incidence

62
Q

data gathered prospectively ove a period of time is MOST COMMON in what design

A

cohort design.

63
Q

data collected at a single point in time is MOST COMMON in what design

A

cross-sectional design

64
Q

data gathered retrospectively on participant’s histories is MOST COMMON in what design

A

case-control.

65
Q

which of the statistical tests would be used to evaluate the difference between pretest and posttest scorres on a dependent variable

A

related samples t test.

66
Q

a correlation coefficient of -0.90 indicats

A

highscores on one variable are associated with low scores on the other variable

67
Q

comparing scores on one test to scores on another test measuring the same construc is a comparison used to evaluate this.

A

convergent validity

68
Q

when conducting a correlation test, the coeeficent will__________ and the p-value will_______ when the strength of the relationship between variables increases.

A

when the strength of the relationship between variables increases the coeeficent will move away from zero and the p-valye will decre.

69
Q

survey directions being appropriate for the construct you are trying to measure. for instance should we use long-winded verbal directions with a test of receptive language is an example of what type of validity they are evaluating

A

test content

70
Q

should the test taker answer with multiple choice selection or by writing an essay and which is more appropriate for the construct you’re measureing and the data you’re trying to obtain is an example of _______, a type of validity that they are evaluating through this.

A

responce processes.

71
Q

evaluating the valididty of if a test of expressive language measures ALL of the relevant skills associated with expressive language (semantics, syntax/morphology,pragmatics,intentionality,etc.) is an example of this type of validity

A

internal structure

72
Q

evaluating the validity of what are the potential risks for a person recieving a low score on a test, is an example of this type of validity

A

consequences of testing

73
Q

a probability (p) value associated with the result of a statistical test represents what

A

the likelihood a correlation or difference between variables is due to chance.

74
Q

on of scale of 1-10 (10 being the highest), rate your child’s receptive and expressive language skills.” which of the following flaws applies

leading, double barreled or negative

A

double barreled.

75
Q

when interpreting the results of ANOVA which would be used after finding a statistically significant F-statistic

A

post hoc tests

76
Q

a standard score of 75 would be considered how many deviations above?/or/below? the mean

A

between one and two standard deviations below the mean.

77
Q

what is a definition of measurement validity?

A

how much an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure.

78
Q

indicate ALL of the following that are selected-response

presentation

multiple choice

forced choice

essay

likert scales.

A

multiple choice, forced choice, and likert scales.

79
Q

when conducting a t test, when/if you find the difference between group means INCREASES the t-statistic will_____ and the p-value will____

A

qhwn the difference between group means increase the t-statistic ill increase and the p-value will decrease.

80
Q

what is a definition of measure ment reliability?

A

consistency or accuract of an instruments score.

81
Q

what will occur in SPSS if you select three or more variables for bivariate correlation?

A

SPSS will run multiple correlations with two variables at a time and list the results in a correlation matrix.

82
Q

true or false: validity is a binary (yes/no) status in that we review the available evidence and determine if an instrument is valid or invalid.

A

false.

83
Q

you administter a test to a group of participants and then administer the test six months later to see if the scores are consistent, this comparison would be used to evaluate_______.

A

test-retest reliability

84
Q

you administer a test to a group of participants and have two different people score the exam to see if the scores they give are consistent, this comparison would be used to evaluate______-.

A

interrater reliability.

85
Q

indicate ALL of the following that are inferential statistics

standard deviation

t test

interquartile range

analysis of variance

median

correlation

A

t test, analysis of variance, correlation

86
Q

name types of response bias

A

aquiescence/dissent bias, extreme/neutral bias, and social desirability..

Aphasia Class (8 decks)

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