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21PSY-2AL-E2 KB > Research Methods: Self Reports, Questionnaires & Interviews: FF/RN > Flashcards

Research Methods: Self Reports, Questionnaires & Interviews: FF/RN Flashcards

1
Q

In a self-report, participants give information to the researcher to provide details on their …?

A

Thoughts/feelings/behaviour

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2
Q

What two types of questions can you get in a questionnaire?

A

Open and closed

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3
Q

Self report involves participants responding to questions using what two methods?

A

A questionnaire or interview

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4
Q

What type of question requires a one word response?

A

Closed questions

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5
Q

What type of question allows participants to respond in detail?

A

Open

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6
Q

What do questionnaires often form part of?

A

Surveys

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7
Q

Do surveys involve asking a small or large sample of people information on a topic?

A

Large sample

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8
Q

The purpose of a survey is to get a good representation of who?

A

The target population

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9
Q

Because we are more able to generalise results from surveys to the rest of the population does this increase the internal or external validity?

A

External validity

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10
Q

A strength of questionnaires is that they can tackle sensitive issues. Why is this?

A

Because participants data can remain anonymous

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11
Q

When the data in questionnaires is anonymous, what are the participants answers more likely to be?

A

Honest

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12
Q

If participants provide honest responses, what type of validity does this affect and how?

A

Increases internal validity

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13
Q

Why is there a reduction of investigator effects in a questionnaire?

A

The researcher does not have to be present

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14
Q

In what type of self report method is the researcher likely to be present when the participants answer?

A

Interview

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15
Q

If there are investigator effects, what type of validity does this affect and how?

A

Reduces internal validity because the investigator effect can act as an extraneous variable.

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16
Q

A strength of questionnaires is that they can be given to what quantity of people - small or large?

A

Large quantity

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17
Q

Being able to give questionnaires to a large quantity of people increases what about the findings?

A

The generalisability

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18
Q

A weakness of questionnaires is that they could lead to social desirability bias. What is social desirability bias?

A

People may lie to present themselves in the best possible light

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19
Q

What type of validity does social desirability bias affect and how?

A

Lowers internal validity

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20
Q

How could you minimise the issue of social desirability bias in a questionnaire?

A

Make the questionnaire anonymous

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21
Q

A weakness of questionnaires is misinterpretation of questions. Why is this more of an issue for questionnaires than interviews?

A

Because the researcher is not present so can’t ask for clarification

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22
Q

If participants misinterpret questions this can lead to them giving what?

A

Invalid information

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23
Q

If participants provide invalid information, what type of validity could this affect and how?

A

Lower internal validity

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24
Q

Who could misinterpret participants answers in a questionnaire?

A

The researcher

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25
Q

What type of question can participants answer in their own words?

A

Open questions

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26
Q

Answers to what type of question tend to include greater detail?

A

Open questions

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27
Q

What type of questions mean participants responses are fixed e.g. ‘yes’ or ‘no’ or rating scales

A

Closed questions

28
Q

What type of questions produce qualitative data?

A

Open questions

29
Q

What type of questions produce quantitative data?

A

Closed questions

30
Q

What type of data is non-numerical?

A

Qualitative data

31
Q

What type of data is numerical?

A

Quantitative data

32
Q

‘On a scale of 1-10 (strongly disagree to strongly agree) …’ Is this an open or closed question?

A

Closed question

33
Q

Tick the box that applies to you:

Yes
No

Is this an open or closed question?

A

Closed question

34
Q

If a question starts with ‘Describe’ is this an open or closed question?

A

Open question

35
Q

If a question starts with ‘Explain’ is this an open or closed question?

A

Open question

36
Q

Which type of question provides greater understanding of the content/behaviour in question?

A

Open questions

37
Q

Which type of question provides answers which are easier to analyse?

A

Closed questions

38
Q

Why are closed question answers easier to analyse?

A

Because they produce quantitative data

39
Q

What type of question is open to researcher bias?

A

Open questions

40
Q

What type of question lacks depth and insight into behaviour?

A

Closed questions

41
Q

Why are open questions open to researcher bias?

A

Participants responses are open to subjective interpretation by the researcher

42
Q

What is response bias?

A

Where participants reply in a similar way to questions e.g. always ticking yes

43
Q

What type of questions are open to response bias?

A

Closed questions

44
Q

If answers lack depth and insight into behaviour, the answers could lack…?

A

Validity

45
Q

Which questions easily allow comparisons to be made between groups of people?

A

Closed questions

46
Q

Why does a questionnaire have greater generalisability than interviews?

A

Because in an interview the researcher has to be present, limiting the amount of people the research can be conducted on

47
Q

What is it called when people lie to present themselves in the best possible light?

A

Social desirability bias

48
Q

When are participants more likely to be honest on questionnaires?

A

When the answers are anonymous

49
Q

Questionnaires and interviews are types of what research method?

A

Self-report

50
Q

Define an interview?

A

A method of asking questions - in a face to face nature. Sometimes it can be over the phone or computer such as through skype (1 mark)

51
Q

What are the two types of interviews?

A

Structured and Unstructured Interview

52
Q

In a structured interview are the questions pre-set or have no set questions?

A

pre-set questions

53
Q

In a structured interview, is the interviewer more or less likely to deviate from the topic?

A

Less likely to deviate from the topic

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In a structured interviews, the interviewer will ask the same question in the exact same order.

A

True

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In a structured interview, the interviewer can ask any extra questions based on the information provided by the participant.

A

FALSE: The Interviewer CANNOT ask any extra questions based on the information provided by the participant.

56
Q

AO3: if participants get the same question, what will you be better able to do?

A

It is possible to compare responses and identify trends and patterns more easily

57
Q

AO3: The researcher cannot deviate from the pre-set question meaning meaning they cannot follow up on new lines of enquiry. What might this mean?

A

This may mean they do not get a full understanding of behaviour.

58
Q

What is an unstructured interview?

A

May contain a topic area for discussion but no set questions so each interview gets different questions.

59
Q

What are the questions based on in an unstructured interview?

A

The questions are based on the responses of the interviewee so the interviewer can discuss interesting points made by the interviewee.

60
Q

The questions that are asked in an unstructured interview are more likely to be _____ questions.

A

Open

61
Q

AO3: A strength of an unstructured interview is that the researcher can allow the person to go into more depth with their responses of the interviewer. This means…

A

They can gain a fuller understanding of the ppts behaviour.

62
Q

AO3: A limitation of an unstructured interview is that it can be hard to identify patterns because…

A

all participants are asked different questions making the responses harder to analyse and make comparisons between participants.

63
Q

A03: A limitation of (any) interviews is that they are more time consuming and expensive as the questions are asked face-to-face and so require a 1:1 with a researcher UNLIKE a questionnaire…

A

which are less time consuming and expensive as the researcher does not need to be present.

64
Q

AO3: A limitation of (any) interview is that it is prone to investigator effects as the researcher needs to be present. Their ____ or _____ could influence the participants to respond in a certain way, therefore lowering the internal validity.

A

e.g. behaviour/gender

65
Q

AO3: What is the benefit of a interviewer being present in an interview?

A

As the researcher is present during an interview, the ppt can ask for clarification if they do not understand a question,
or
the researcher could ask for clarification if they do not understand a response, therefore improving the internal validity of the research.

21PSY-2AL-E2 KB (49 decks)

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