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Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats the formula for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —— 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

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2
Q

What is the definition of respiration?

A

The release of chemical potential energy from organic molecules

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3
Q

What is ATP

A

Phosphorylated nucleotide with 3 phosphate

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4
Q

What is the first stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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5
Q

What are the stages of glycolysis

A
  1. Phosphorylation
    - becomes bisphosphate
    - requires 2 ATP
  2. Lyis
    - split hexose bisphosphate to triose phosphate
  3. Phosphorylation
    - go from triose phosphate to triose bisphosphate
  4. Oxidation
    - triose bisphosphate oxidised to pyruvate
    - Hydrogen is removed which is done by dehydrogenase
    - H reduced NAD
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6
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Both

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8
Q

Whats the equation for glycolysis?

A

C6H12O6 —- 4ATP + 2NADH + 2 Pyruvate

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9
Q

Where is pyruvate moved after glycolysis?

A

Into mitochondria by AT

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10
Q

What are stuctures in mitochondria?

A

Matrix - space within membrane. Contain enzymes and DNA

Cristae - folded membrane, SA for oxidative phosphorylation

Outer Mitochondrial space - creates cellular compartments for aerobic

Inter membrane Space - where protons are pumped

Inner mitochondrial membrane - contain electron transport chain

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11
Q

What does oxidative decarboxylation take place?

A

In matrix

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12
Q

What enzyme removes CO2 from pyruvate?

A

Decarboxylase

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13
Q

What other molecule is removed when CO2 is removed?

A

H which then reduced NAD

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14
Q

What molecule is made when CO2 is removed from pyruvate?

A

Acetyl

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15
Q

What is the final product of the link reaction?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

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16
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix

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17
Q

What are products of krebs cycle?

A

oxaloacetate

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18
Q

How many carbons are in citric acid?

A

6C

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19
Q

How many carbons are in oxaloacetate?

A

4C

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20
Q

What are the stages of the krebs cycle?

A
  1. Acetyl CoA combine with oxaloacetate
    - this releases CoA
    - makes citrate
  2. Citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate
    - 2 CO2 release
    - 3NADH made
    - FADH2 made
  3. One molecule ATP made
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21
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose in krebs cycle?

A

2 as each pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to molecule of acetyl CoA which is then used in Krebs

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22
Q

What is krebs cyle?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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23
Q

What is the penultimate stage of respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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24
Q

Where is the electron transport chain?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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25
What are protein carriers called?
cytochrome
26
What are the role of NADH and FADH2?
To release protons and an electron
27
What chemical reaction take place between electron and cytochrome?
Reduction
28
What is the role of electron pairs in the electron transport chain
They move down chain and provide energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
29
What reaction occurs at the end of the chain?
e- + 2H + O --- H2O
30
How does the final stage of respiration produce ATP
Protons are pumped to inter membrane space which produces electrochemical gradient Protons then moved back down gradient through membrane bound enzyme This acts as ATPase Movement is called chemiosmosis
31
How many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are produced in krebs
3 NADH FADH2
32
What happens to the citric acid to produce oxaloacetate
Dehydrogenation and decarboxylated
33
What is the definition of substrate level phosphorylation
Metabollic reaction that results in production of ATP from another phosphorylated molecule
34
What is the definition of a metabolic pathway
A sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound
35
How do weed killers effect plants?
Interfere with electron transport chain which means calvin cycle cant so no glucose is produced
36
What kind of respiration produces ethanol as product
Anaerobic respiration
37
What products are produced from aerobic respiration
CO2 and H2O
38
How does cyanide effect respiration
Prevent pyruvate entering mitochondria
39
Can glucose enter mitochondria
No
40
What is meant by respiratory substrate
Biological molecules that is broken down to release potential chemical energy
41
What is equation for RQ
Volume of CO2 released ------------------------ Volume of O2 absorbed
42
How many molecules of NAD are released in krebs
3
43
What enzyme enables NAD to release hydrogens
NADH dehydrogenase
44
How does alcohol effect respiration
Liver produces enzymes to detoxify alcohol but require NAD This means less available NAD to be reduced during glycolysis, link and krebs
45
Why are lipids good respiratory substrates
Release twice as much energy per g as have high amount of carbon - hydrogen bonds
46
What is lactate oxidised to
pyruvate
47
What happens to Hydrogen in the inner membrane
split into protons and electrons
48
What is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
Oxygen
49
What is formed at the end of the electron transport chain
Water
50
How many molecules of ATP does anaerobic respiration produce
2
51
What is an obligate anaerobes
organisms that cant survive in oxygen
52
Whats an example of an obligate anaerobe
Prokaryotes
53
What is the term for an organism that can respire anaerobically and aerobically
Facultative anaerobes
54
What is a facultative anaerobe
Respire aerobically and anaerobically
55
Whats an obligate anaerobe
Only respire using oxygen
56
Are all cells falculative anaerobes
No - only some and for short amount of time
57
What is term for organism that only makes ATP with oxygen
Obligate organisms
58
What is definition of anaerobic respiration
When organic compounds are broken down into simple inorganic without oxygen
59
Is the electron transport chain involved in anaerobic respiration
No
60
What is products of anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast
Ethanol and CO2
61
What is product of anaerobic respiration in animals
Lactate
62
What is product of lactate fermentation
Lactic acid from pyruvate
63
How is lactic acid made in anaerobic respiration
Pyruvate acts as electron acceptor fromNADH
64
What catalyses reaction in anaerobic respiration
lactate dehydrogenase
65
Where is lactate converted to glucose
Liver
66
What happens to lactic to acid to detoxify it
Converted to glucose in liver but build requires oxygen
67
What is oxygen debt
The amount of oxygen required to convert lactic acid to glucose in liver
68
Why cant lactate fermentation occur all time
Not enough ATP produced Accumulation of lactic acid cause rise in PH which denatures protein
69
What is aim of fitness
To increase blood supply to remove lactic acid faster
70
What is equation for anaerobic respiration
pyruvate + H ----- Lactate
71
What is produced from alcoholic fermentation
Ethanol
72
What is produced when CO2 is removed from pyruvate
Ethanal
73
What is produced when H is added to ethanal
Ethanol
74
In alcoholic fermentation what does the hydrogen from NAD reduce
Ethanal
75
What is product from alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate - CO2 --- ethanal Ethanal + H (NAD - H) ---- ethanol
76
What are triglycerides hydrolysed to
Fatty acids and glycerol
77
What happens to glycerol when being used as respiratory substrate
Undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to pyruvate
78
What are steps of triglycerides when used as respiratory substrate
Triglyceride ---- fatty acid and glycerol Glycerol ---- pyruvate pyruvate --- acetyl acetyl + coenzyme a --- acetyl coenzyme a
79
How many molecules of ATP produced from one molecule of triglycerides
500
80
Why do triglycerides have higher yield of ATP
Higher concentration of C-H bonds
81
What is RQ if lipid
0.7
82
What is RQ of alcohol
0.9
83
What is RQ of carb and protein
1
84
What is order of RQ from high to low
Lipid Alcohol Carbohydrate and protein

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