Respiratory - Anatomy

Question 1

What are the two zones of the respiratory tree?

Answer 1

Conducting and Respiratory zones

Question 2

What does the conducting zone of the respiratory tree consists of?

Answer 2

Large airways of nose, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi Small airways of bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Question 3

Function of conducting zone

Answer 3

warms, humidifies, and filters air does NOT participate in gas exchange

Question 4

What is the anatomic dead space?

Answer 4

Conducting zone (where gas exchange does not happen)

Question 5

What special histological features extend to the end of bronchi?

Answer 5

Cartilage Goblet cells

Question 6

Histology of oropharynx, laryngopharynx, anterior epiglottis and upper half of the posterior epiglottis, vocal folds?

Answer 6

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 7

Histology of conducting zone to the end of terminal bronchioles

Answer 7

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells (nose, paranasal sinus, most of larynx, tracheobronchial tree) Beat mucus up and out of lung Smooth muscle of airway walls

Question 8

What is the respiratory zone?

Answer 8

lung parenchyma
Consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 9

Function of the respiratory zone

Answer 9

gas exchange

Question 10

Histology of the respiratory zone

Answer 10

Cuboidal cells in respiratory bronchioles Simple squamous cells up to alveoli (No cilia - only up to respiratory bronchioles

Question 11

Function of alveolar macrophages

Answer 11

Clear debris and participate in immune response

Question 12

What are type I pneumocyte cells?

Answer 12

Thin cells that line the alveoli (squamous) for gas diffusion

Question 13

97% of alveolar surfaces are covered by?

Answer 13

Type I pneumocyte cells

Question 14

What are type II pneumocyte cells?

Answer 14

Secrete pulmonary surfactant to prevent atelectasis Also the precursors to type I and other type II cells

Question 15

Histology of type II pneumocyte cells

Answer 15

cuboidal and clustered

Question 16

What cells proliferate during lung damage?

Answer 16

Type II pneumocyte cells (regenerates the tissue)

Question 17

What are clara cells?

Answer 17

nonciliated columnar cells with secretory granules secrete component of surfact and degrade toxins - act as reserve cells

Question 18

What is LaPlace’s law?

Answer 18

P = 2T/r (P = collapsing pressure, T=tension, r=radius)

Question 19

Under LaPlace’s law, do larger or smaller alveoli tend to collapse and why?

Answer 19

Smaller radius tend to collapse as pressure increases (e.g. tendency to collapse on expiration as radius decreases)

Question 20

What is pulmonary surfactant made of?

Answer 20

Mix of lecithins (most important is dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine)

Question 21

When does surfactant synthesis begins?

Answer 21

Week 26 of gestation Mature level are not achieved until around week 35

Question 22

What value indicates fetal lung maturity?

Answer 22

lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio > 2.0 in amniotic fluid

Question 23

How many lobes of lung on left and right?

Answer 23

3 lobes on right

2 lobes on left (+ lingua)

Question 24

What is the homologue of right middle lobe on the left side?

Answer 24

Lingula

Question 25

Which lung is the more common site for inhaled foreign body? Why?

Answer 25

Right lobe Right main stem bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left

Question 26

If you aspirate a peanut while upright, where would you expect to find it?

Answer 26

Lower portion of right inferior lobe

Question 27

If you aspirate a peanut while supine, where would you expect to find it?

Answer 27

Superior portion of right inferior lobe

Question 28

What is the relationship of the pulmonary artery to the bronchus on the left and right side?

Answer 28

[RALS] Right side - Anterior to main stem bronchus Left side - Superior to main stem bronchus

Question 29

Injury to the 5th intercostal space at mid-clavicular line would damage which structure?

Answer 29

Left lung (Left ventricle forms apex and reach as far as the 5th space. All other chambers lie medial to the left midclavicular line)

Question 30

What are the fissures of the lung on the right and left side?

Answer 30

Right side: Horizontal fissure (superior and middle lobes); Oblique fissure (middle and inferior lobes) Left side: oblique fissure (superior and inferior lobes)

Question 31

What structure(s) passes the diaphragm at T8?

Answer 31

IVC

Question 32

What structure(s) passes the diaphragm at T10?

Answer 32

Esophagus, Vagus (2 trunks)

Question 33

What structure(s) passes the diaphragm at T12

Answer 33

Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein [At T-1-2 it's the red, white and blue]

Question 34

What innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 34

C3,4,5 (phrenic nerve)

Question 35

Where can pain be referred to from the diaphragm?

Answer 35

Shoulder (C5) and trapezius ridge (C3,4)

Question 36

What muscles help with inspiration during quiet breathing?

Answer 36

Diaphragm

Question 37

What muscles help with expiration on quiet breathing?

Answer 37

Passive

Question 38

What muscles help with inspiration on exercise?

Answer 38

external intercostals scalene sternocleidomastoids

Question 39

What muscles help with expiration during exercise?

Answer 39

rectus abdominis internal and external obliques transversus abdominis internal intercostals