respiratory (bio)

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

process in which glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of ATP in living cells

Question 2

what is aerobic respiration

Answer 2

breakdown of glucose in prescence of oxygen, release large amt of ATP, CO2 and water waste products

Question 3

what is anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

breakdown of glucose in abscence of oxygen, less energy than aerobic

Question 4

word eqn for alcoholic fermentation

Answer 4

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP (small amt)

Question 5

word eqn for lactic acid fermentation

Answer 5

glucose –> lactic acid + ATP (small amt)

Question 6

uses of ATP

Answer 6

muscle contraction
protein synthesis
cell division
active transport
growth

Question 7

Describe the production of lactic acid in muscles during vigorous exercise

Answer 7

1. vigorous muscle contractions –> cells respire aerobically
2. limit to incease in the rate of breathing and heart beat –> insufficient oxygen –> oxygen debt
3. anaerobic respiration –> extra energy –> supplements energy released by aerobic respiration to allow msucles to continue contracting vigorously
4. build up of lactic acid in muscle cells

Question 8

Describe what happens to lactic acid in muscles during recovery

Answer 8

1. breathing continues to be high for some time to provide ‘extra’ oxygen repay the oxygen debt
2. lactic acid removed from muscles –> transported to liver –> some oxidised using extra oxygen –> release energy –> convert rest of lactic acid into glucose
3. when all converted, oxygen debt repaid
4. glucose transported back to muscles

Question 9

similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic

Answer 9

similarity:
- generate energy in form of ATP
- require glucose as substrate
difference:
- aerobic produces large amt of energy, anaerobic produces small amt of energy
- aerobic in presence of oxygen, anaerobic in absence of oxygen
- aerobic occurs in cytoplasm & mitochondria, anaerobic only cytoplasm
- aerobic end products: CO2 + H2O, anaerobic end products: lactic acid/ ethanol + CO2

Question 10

what is the function of the nostril

Answer 10

• entrance to respiratory tract
• contains hairs which trap dust particles and bacteria

Question 11

function of nasal cavity

Answer 11

cleaning, moistening, warming of incoming air
- hairs on walls of nostrils filter dust and bacteria from inhaled air
- mucus secreting cells: muscus traps bacteria and sut
- blood capillaries: close to surface to warm inhaled air

Question 12

function of larynx

Answer 12

contains vocal chords

Question 13

feature and function of trachea

Answer 13

contains C-shaped rings of cartilage –> prevents rings from collapsing during breathing due to change in air pressure
cleanses, warms, moistens air entering lungs
mucus secreted by gland cells trap dust particles and bacteria
contains cilia which sweep mucus up throat

Question 14

feature if the bonchi

Answer 14

trachea –> two tube (bronchi) –> each bronchus into bronchioles –> alveoli

Question 15

function of gland cells

Answer 15

secrete mucus that traps dust particles

Question 16

function of ciliated cells

Answer 16

hair-like structures called cilia on surface, sweep dust-trapped mucus away from lungs into pharynx to be expelled/swallowed

Question 17

events that happen during inhalation

Answer 17

Diagram contracts and flattens
Internal intercostal muscles relax, external contract
Rib cage moves upwards and outwards
Lungs expand, lung volume increase –> air pressure decrease
Movement of air: air drawn in from higher air pressure to lower air pressure

Question 18

events that happen during exhalation

Answer 18

Diaphragm relaxes, archs upwards into dome shape
Internal intercostal contract, external relax
Ribcage downwards and inwards
Lungs compressed, volume decrease, air pressure increase
Movement of air: air moves out from region of higher pressure to region of lower pressure

Question 19

adaptation of alveoli for efficient gaseous exchange

Answer 19

• alveolar walls one cell thick: shorter distance–> faster rate of diffusion
• inner wall thin film of moisture: oxygen dissolve –> increase rate of diffusion
• each alveolus surrounded by numerous blood caapillaries: continous transport of gases to maintian conc. grad of gases
• alveoli present in large quantities: increase SA:Vol

Question 20

describe how oxygen is carried into the blood (5)

Answer 20

1. Alveolar air contains higher conc. of oxygen than in blood
2. Oxygen dissolve in thin layer of moisture on inner surface of wall
3. Diffuses through walls of alveoli and into blood capillaries – > diffuses into rbd
4. binds with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
5. pass through oxygen-poor tissues, oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen which will then diffuse through walls of capillaries into body cells

Question 21

what is the properties of nicotine and the effects on the body

Answer 21

properties:
- addictive
- makes blood clot easily
effects:
- increases heart rate and blood pressure
- increases risk of blood clots in the arteries –> block coronary arteries –> coronary heart disease

Question 22

what is the properties of carbon monoxide and the effects on the body

Answer 22

properties:
- permanently binds with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin
effects:
reduces ability of rbc to carry oxygen –> decreases amount of oxygen that may be supplied to body cells for aerobic respiration –> reduced stamina

Question 23

what is the properties of tar and the effects on the body

Answer 23

properties:
- carcinogenic
- paralyses cilia lining air passgae
effects:
- increase risk of lung cancer
- dust particles trapped in mucus lining cnn removed –> chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Question 24

what is the properties of irritant chemicals and the effects on the body

Answer 24

properties:
- carcinogenic
- paralyses cilia lining air passgae
effects:
- increase risk of lung cancer
- dust particles trapped in mucus lining cnn removed –> chronic bronchitis and emphysema
- causes cells ling bronchi and bronchioles to increase production of mucus

Question 25

explain contraction of chronic bronchitis

Answer 25

- epithelium lining inflamed - excessive production of mucus - cilia on epithelial cells become paralyzed, mucus and foreign particles cnn be removed, increased risk of lung infection - airways narrowed --> breathing difficult, decrease efficiency of gaseous exchange - persistent coughing to clear mucus

Question 26

explain the contraction of emphysema

Answer 26

- Persistent and violent cough due to bronchitis - walls of alveoli break down (due to coughing) --> decreases SA for gaseous exchange - Lungs lose elasticity and ability to effectively expel air - oxygen uptake and CO2 removal impaired, severe breathlessness experienced

Question 27

Suggest why the frog’s skin must be moist for gaseous exchange to occur

Answer 27

The moist skin allows oxygen from the atmosphere to dissolve in it, so that oxygen can diffuse into the blood