Respiratory & Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

To supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide through gas exchange.

Question 2

What is external respiration?

Answer 2

Gas exchange between the lungs and blood.

Question 2

What is internal respiration?

Answer 2

Gas exchange between the blood and body cells.

Question 2

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

Answer 2

Filters, warms, and moistens air before it enters the lungs.

Question 2

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 2

The use of oxygen by cells to produce energy (ATP) from glucose.

Question 3

What are sinuses and what do they do?

Answer 3

Air-filled spaces that reduce skull weight and help warm/humidify air.

Question 4

What is the pharynx?

Answer 4

The throat; passageway for air and food.

Question 5

What is the larynx?

Answer 5

The voice box; houses the vocal cords.

Question 6

What is the trachea?

Answer 6

The windpipe; a tube that carries air to the bronchi.

Question 7

What are bronchi?

Answer 7

Two main air passages that branch from the trachea into each lung.

Question 8

What are bronchioles?

Answer 8

Smaller branches of the bronchi that lead to the alveoli.

Question 8

What are alveoli?

Answer 8

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs with capillaries.

Question 9

What is surfactant and why is it important?

Answer 9

A substance that reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse.

Question 10

What is inspiration (inhalation)?

Answer 10

The process of taking air into the lungs; diaphragm contracts downward.

Question 11

What is expiration (exhalation)?

Answer 11

The process of pushing air out of the lungs; diaphragm relaxes.

Question 12

What part of the brain regulates breathing?

Answer 12

The medulla oblongata and pons.

Question 13

What is the role of chemoreceptors in breathing?

Answer 13

They detect changes in CO₂ and O₂ levels and adjust breathing rate

Question 14

How does oxygen move from lungs to blood?

Answer 14

Through diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane.

Question 15

How is carbon dioxide removed from the blood?

Answer 15

Diffuses from blood to alveoli and is exhaled.

Question 16

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for?

Answer 16

Transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste through blood.

Question 17

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Answer 17

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.

Question 18

What are the four heart valves and their functions?

Answer 18

Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral (bicuspid), aortic – ensure one-way blood flow.

Question 19

What is the septum of the heart?

Answer 19

A wall dividing the right and left sides of the heart.

Question 20

What are the two circuits of blood flow?

Answer 20

Pulmonary (heart to lungs) and systemic (heart to body).

Question 21

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

Answer 21

Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.

Question 22

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

Answer 22

Brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

Question 23

What major vessel carries blood from the heart to the body?

Answer 23

The aorta.

Question 24

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Answer 24

he heart’s natural pacemaker; initiates electrical impulses.

Question 25

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

Answer 25

Relays electrical impulses from atria to ventricles.

Question 26

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)?

Answer 26

A test that measures the heart's electrical activity.

Question 26

What is cardiac output?

Answer 26

The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute.

Question 27

What factors affect heart rate?

Answer 27

Exercise, hormones, nervous system, emotions.

Question 28

What is hypertension?

Answer 28

High blood pressure; can damage organs over time.

Question 29

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 29

Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.

Question 30

What are the three layers of blood vessel walls?

Answer 30

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa.

Question 31

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 31

Site of exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste with tissues.

Question 32

What are the major components of blood?

Answer 32

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

Question 33

What is the role of hemoglobin?

Answer 33

Carries oxygen in red blood cells.

Question 34

What is anemia?

Answer 34

A condition where there are not enough red blood cells or hemoglobin.

Question 35

What is the average resting heart rate for adults?

Answer 35

Around 60–100 beats per minute.