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<3 > Respiratory Histology > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Conduction portion of the respiratory system?

A
  • Warms, filters and humidifies air
  • Transmit to respiratory portion
  • NO gas exchange - anatomicophysiologic dead space
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2
Q

What are the components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A
  • Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea
  • primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi
  • Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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3
Q

What is the function of the repsiratory portion of the Resp. System?

A

Pass air to alveoli for gas exchange

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4
Q

What are the components of the resp. Portion of the resp. System?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
    * Alveolar ducts
    * Alveolar sacs
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5
Q

Histologically, what is the respiratory portion of the resp. System?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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6
Q

What are the cells present in the ARespiratory epithelium?

A

Ciliated cells

Goblet cells

Basal cells

(Also has smooth muscle and elastic fibers)

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7
Q

What are Goblet cells?

A

Modified columnar epithelial cells that synthesize and secrete mucus

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8
Q

How is mucous created?

A

Apical cytoplasm of goblet cells contains dense aggregation of mucigen granules which are released by exocytosis and combine w/ water

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9
Q

What is found at the base of a globet cell?

A

Basal nucleus and many, many organelles

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10
Q

What are basal cells?

A

Mitotically active stem cells found in the respiratory portion

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11
Q

What is the function of the respiratory portion?

A

Protect airway via mucus production

Transport mucus up and out of respiratory tract via cilia

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12
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Short passage for air b/w the pharynx and trachea

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13
Q

What is wall of the larynx reinforeced by?

A

Hyaline cartilage and smaller elastic cartilages

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14
Q

Histologically, what makes up the true vocal folds/cords?

Why?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Protects mucosa from abrasions

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15
Q

What supports the free edge of vocal folds?

What is it made up of?

A

Vocal l.

Made from elastic CT

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16
Q

What allows for the movement of the vocal folds?

A

Vocalis M.

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17
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Short, flexible tube that serves as a conduit for air

Connects larynx to main/primary bronchi

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18
Q

What keepsthe lumen of the trachea open?

A

Cartilaginous rings

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19
Q

What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Cartilagenous layer
  4. Adventitia
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20
Q

Histologically, what is the mucosa of the trachea made up of?

A

Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated)

elastic, fiber-rich lamina propria

NUMEROUS globet cell

BALT (bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue)

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21
Q

What is the cartilaginous layer of the trachea made up of, histologically?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

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22
Q

What is the Advnetitia layer of the trachea?

A

Trachealis m.
Ct that binds trachea to adj. structures

Few sub-mucosal glands

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23
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the trachea made of histologically?

A

Rich in submucosal glands

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24
Q

What are secondary bronchi also called?

A

Lobar

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25
Q

What ar the 4 layers seen in Bronchi?

A

Epithelia

Submucosa

Muscular is

Adventitia

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of Bronchi epithelia?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated

FEW globet cells (as compared to trachea)

Increased elastic fibers in lamina propria

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of the submucosa of the Bronchi?

A

Loose/areolar CT

FEW submucosal glands

FULL cartilage rings (transition to irregular cartilage plates)

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the Muscularis layer of the bronchi?

A

Continuous in larger bronchi

Loosely organized in smaller bronchi

29
Q

What are the characteristics of the Adventitia layer of Bronchi?

A

Moderately dense CT

30
Q

How do the size of Bronchi differ from Bronchioles?

A

Bronchi = > 1 mm

Bronchioles = <1 mm

31
Q

What characterized the epithelia of Bronchioles?

A

Large = SIMPLE ciliated columnar
(Or small = simple cuboidal )

FEW goblet cells

**CLUB cells

Increased elastic fibers

32
Q

What characterizes the muscularis layer of bronchioles?

A

Prominent smooth muscle

33
Q

What is unique about bronchioles?

A

No submucosa

No cartilage plates

Airways <1 mm diameter

34
Q

What is the final part of the conducting portion?

A

Terminal bronchioles

35
Q

What are club cells?

A

Non-ciliated dome shaped cells

36
Q

What are the functions of club cells?

A

◦ Secrete lipoprotein = prevents luminal adhesion w/ airway collapse (during expiration)

◦ Detox of inhaled materials

◦ Secrete anitmicrobial peptides

37
Q

What characterizes the epithelia of Terminal Bronchioles?

A

Simple CUBOIDAL epithelium w/ Club cells

Increased elastic fibers

38
Q

What characterizes the Muscularis of Terminal Bronchioles?

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle

39
Q

What is the first part of the Resp. PortioN?

How are these able to do gas exchange?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Mucosa contains opening to alveoli where gas exchange occurs

40
Q

What are the characteristics of the Epithelia of Respiratory bronchioles?

A

Simple cuboid epithelium w/ club cells

Elastic fibers

41
Q

What are the characteristics of the Muscularis of Resp. Bronchioles?

A

Smooth muscle

42
Q

What do alveolar ducts end in?

A

End in alveolar sacs (AS)

43
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

2+ clusters of alveoli

44
Q

What are alveolar rings?

A

Aggregates of Smooth M., Collagen and elastic fibers that form rings around alveolar ducts

45
Q

Histologically, what are alveolar ducts, rings, and sacs?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

46
Q

What are alveoli?

Histologically?

A

Blind ended sacs that ar lined w/ pneumocytes (type 1 and 2_

Simple squamous epithelium

47
Q

What is an alveolar pore?

A

Small openings that permit movement of air b/w alveoli

48
Q

Histologically, what are Type 1 pneumocytes?

Where ar they and what do they do?

A

Squamous (flat)

Line almost entire alveolar surface

Crate surface for gas exchange and are closely associated w/ caps

49
Q

Histologically, what are Type 2 pneumocytes?

Where are they and what do they do?

A

Cuboidal/rounded

Secretes surfactant via exocytosis, reduces surface tension w/in alveoli, preventing collapse during respiration

Precursor for type 1 and 2 pneumocyte

50
Q

What is the Parietal and Visceral Pleura covered in?

A

Flattened mesothelium with underlying fibrous tissues of collagen and elastin fibers that extend into the lung as fibrous septa

Underlying fibrous tissues contain extensive lymphatic vessels

51
Q

What is fibrous septa continuous with?

A

Lung parenchyma

52
Q

What 3 components separate the air in alveoli and blood in capillary?

A
  1. 2-3 highly attenuated, Type 1 pneumocytes (thin cells that line alveolus)
  2. Fused basal lamina of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
  3. Capillary endothelial cells
53
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease involving the airways

Sudden constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles (bronchospasm -bronchial spasm)

54
Q

Wat infiltrates the bronchioles wall during an asthma attack?

A

Eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells

55
Q

Histologically, how are the bronchiole walls who have asthma?

A

Thick bronchioles epithelium w/ increased globet cells, thick basement membrane, hyper plastic SM cells

56
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

Dyspnea, wheezing, productive cough

57
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole causing significant loss of gas exchange due to decrease in SA

58
Q

What causes emphysema?

A

Chronic obstruction of airflow due to narrowing of bronchioles W/ accompanying destruction of alveolar walls

Due to smoking cigs, chronic inhalation of particulate material (coal dust, etc.), or genetic predisposition (autoimmune)

59
Q

What are the symptoms of Emphysema?

A

Dyspnea
Cough
Weight loss

60
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of lung tissue with air spaces filled w/ exudate containing WBCs (mainly neutrophils), RBCs, and Fibrin

Capillaries become enlarged and congested w/ RBCs

61
Q

What can pneumonia be described as histologically?

A

Red hepatizatoin stage (looks like liver)

62
Q

How does a lung with pneumonia present?

A

Red, firm (bc no air spaces), and heavy (presence of exudate)

63
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A

Fever and chills

Productive cough

Decreased breath sounds

Crackles in lung

64
Q

What is bronchiolitis obliterans?

A

Popcorn lung

Intraluminal polypoid plug of granulation tissue in the terminal and repsiratory bronchioles

65
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

New CT caused by healing process

66
Q

What can cause bronchiolitis obliterans ?

A

Inhalation of foreign material (Di-Acetyl)

Lung transplants

Infectious pneumonia

Diffuse alveolar damage

67
Q

What are symptoms of bronchiolitis obliterans?

A

Shortness of breath, wheezing, dry cough

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