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VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

Facilitate gaseous exchange of O2 into the blood (inhalation) and CO2 out of the blood

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2
Q

Structure of the respiratory tract

A

Passage where air passes through during inspiration and expiration, lined by mucous membrane
- Upper: nasal cavity/nose, oral cavity/mouth, larynx, pharynx
- Lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

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3
Q

What is A?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Nose

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4
Q

What is B and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Nasal cavity
- S = large irregular cavity split into 2 equal parts by the septum, lined with mucous membrane
- F = warm, moisten, filter air to make it easier to enter the respiratory system. main route for air entry bc largest cavity

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5
Q

What is C?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Mouth

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6
Q

What is D?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Oral cavity

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7
Q

Structure and function of the pharynx

A
  • S = tube containing smooth muscle lined with mucous membrane. Contains 3 parts: nasopharynx oropharynx, laryngopharynx
  • F = provide passageway for food and air from nasal or oral cavity to larynx
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8
Q

What is I?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Nasopharynx

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9
Q

What is J?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Oropharynx

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10
Q

What is K?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Laryngopharynx

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11
Q

What is L and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Larynx
- S = flexible structure composed of diff types of cartilage, located between the pharynx and trachea
- F = allow air to pass through trachea while stopping food from entering respiratory tract and house vocal cords which manipulate volume for speech

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12
Q

What is pulmonary aspiration?

A

A condition in which food, liquid, saliva or vomit is breathed into the airways

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13
Q

How does the larynx prevent pulmonary aspiration of a food bolus?

A
  • Larynx lifts up to level of epiglottis
  • Epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx
  • Food bolus passes into pharynx, avoiding the trachea
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14
Q

What is F and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Vocal cords
- S = 2 bands of smooth muscle in the larynx
- F = to produce sound by vibrating during exhalation, while the length and tension controls pitch

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15
Q

What is G and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Trachea
- S = windpipe that divides into the bronchi. Contains fibrous tissue, smooth muscle and rings of tough cartilage, lined with mucous membrane.
- F = provide a pathway for air between the larynx and bronchi

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16
Q

What is O and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Bronchi
- S = two large airways that branch off the trachea, right bronchus is shorter and wider
- F = provide a pathway for air between trachea and bronchioles

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17
Q

What is P and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Bronchioles
- S = smaller divisions of the bronchi, connect to alveoli. R) side has 3 bronchioles and L) side has 2 bronchioles (one for each lobe of the lung)
- F = provide a pathway for air between bronchi and alveoli

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18
Q

What is M and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Alveoli
- S = clusters of small, balloon-shaped air sacs that sit on the end of the bronchioles. thin walls, (short diffusion pathway), rich blood supply (maintain concentration gradient), moist, large SA
- F = facilitate gaseous exchange of O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood

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19
Q

Describe 4 features of alveoli which increase efficiency of gaseous exchange

A
  • Thin walls: short diffusion pathway
  • Rich blood supply: maintain conc grad
  • Large SA:V ratio: increased rate
  • Moist: gases dissolve before diffusion = increased rate
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20
Q

What is H and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Lung
- S = Two cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic (pleural) cavity, R) lung has 3 lobes and L) lung has 2 lobes (since heart sits on left to save room)
- F = to allow for gaseous exchange of O2 from the air into the blood and CO2 out of the blood into the air

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21
Q

Where can cilia be found?

A

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles etc
NOT lungs> too general since the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli are in the lungs

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22
Q

Structure and function of the pleura

A
  • S = thin double layered sac (visceral is closer to lungs and parietal is further from lungs)
  • F = to provide lubrication, reducing friction during the movement of lungs during breathing
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23
Q

What is E and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Epiglottis
- S = elastic cartilage
- F = to prevent food and liquid going into the trachea

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24
Q

What is Q and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Diaphragm
- S = a dome-shaped, skeletal (voluntary and striated) muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities
- F = contracts and flattens during inspiration, relaxes during expiration to help control intrathoracic volume and pressure

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25
Accessory muscles for inspiration and expiration
- Inspiration: neck & chest muscles to expand ribs= sternocleidomastoid, scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior), pectoralis major and minor - Expiration: rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, transverse abdominis
26
Structure and function of intercostal muscles
- S = skeletal (voluntary and striated) muscles located between the ribs - F = contracts during inspiration to lift ribs up and out, relaxes during expiration to move ribs in and down
27
Describe inspiration/inhalation
- Diaphragm contracts & flattens - Intercostal muscles contract, moving ribcage up and out - The lungs expand as the visceral pleura is pulled out - Thoracic volume increases, therefore intrathoracic/intrapulmonary pressure decreases - Air is sucked into the lungs
28
Describe expiration/exhalation
- Diaphragm relaxes - Intercostal muscles relax, moving ribcage down and in - The lungs return to their resting state as the visceral pleura is pulled in - Thoracic volume decreases, therefore intrathoracic/intrapulmonary pressure increases - Air rushes out of the lungs
29
Gaseous exchange
The net movement of O2 from the alveoli to the blood, and CO2 from the blood to the alveoli, from a high concentration to a low concentration, down a conc gradient
30
Describe the pathway of oxygen entering the body and carbon dioxide leaving the body
Nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, CV system carries O2 to tissues via haemoglobin in RBC, diffuses into cells for aerobic cellular respiration and converted to CO2, diffuses out of cells into blood, pumped through heart, transported to lungs via pulmonary artery to be breathed out
31
Why do we measure RR?
- To determine if enough O2 is going in and enough CO2 is going out - Can also indicate CV health
32
What is WNL for RR?
12-20 breaths/min
33
How is RR controlled?
Chemoreceptors detect CO2 levels - if too high, RR increases to expel CO2. If too low, RR decreases to keep CO2 in body.
34
How to maintain a healthy respiratory system
- Stop smoking to avoid harmful chemicals that can damage the lungs - Exercise regularly which regularly expands lungs to increase strength and remove mucus - Wash hands regularly to remove pathogens and prevent entry into the respiratory tract - Adequate rest and sleep to assist with growth and repair of lung tissue
35
Explain the effect of immobility on the respiratory system
Decreased physical activity = decreased lung expansion = impaired gaseous exchange = increased risk of chest infections as lung secretions are not coughed out
36
What is a PE?
- Pulmonary embolism - Blockage of vessels in the lung by foreign matter e.g. clot/tumour/air
37
Pneumonia
Abnormal condition of inflammation of the lungs and collection of infected materials in alveoli
38
What is asthma?
Difficulty breathing caused by spasm/constriction of the bronchi or a swelling of the bronchial mucous membrane = lung secretions can't be coughed out
39
How is asthma treated?
Ventolin inhaler contains bronchodilators which relaxes the muscles that open the bronchi
40
What is HAP?
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia - Being bedridden causes decreased air flow and decreased coughing so the Pt can't remove lung secretions = risk of infection
41
Emphysema
Lung disorder where air is trapped in alveoli and bronchioles, preventing gaseous exchange causing loss of elasticity in lung tissue, accumulation of mucus and difficulty breathing
42
What is COPD and what are some examples?
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Umbrella term for a number of lung diseases resulting from chronic limitation of airflow into and out of body, preventing normal breathing - e.g. emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma
43
Symptoms of COPD
SOB, wheezing, chest tightness, chronic cough, sputum production (saliva and mucus)
44
Chronic bronchitis
Long-term inflammation of the bronchi and mucus hypersecretion
45
Bronch/i,o Bronchiol/o
Bronchus, bronchial tube Bronchiole
46
Coni/o Diaphragmat/o
Dust Diaphragm
47
Epiglott/o Laryng/o
Epiglottis Larynx
48
Nas/o Orth/o
Nose Straight
49
Ox/i,o Pharyng/o
Oxygen Pharynx
50
Phren/o Pneum/o
Diaphragm Lung, air
51
Pneumat/o Pneumon/o
Lung, air
52
Pulmon/o Rhin/o
Lung Nose
53
Sin/o Sinus/o
Sinus
54
Spir/o Trache/o
Breathe, breathing Trachea
55
Apnoea Orthopnoea
Temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep Shortness of breath when lying flat
56
Atel/o
Imperfect, incomplete
57
Aer/o Alveol/o
Air, gas Alveolus
58
-pnoea Cyan/o
Breathing Blue
59
Thoracotomy
Surgical incision into the thoracic cavity, usually to remove a lung (pneumonectomy) or a lobe of a lung (lobectomy)
60
Hyper vs hypopnoea
- Hyperpnoea: breathing more rapid and deeper than at rest - Hypopnoea: breathing slower and shallower than at rest
61
Cyanosis
Bluish discolouration of the skin due to deficient oxygen in the bloodstream
62
Haemothorax
Blood from the respiratory tract in the pleural cavity
63
Hypoxaemia
Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood
64
Aerobic cellular respiration
Chemical reactions in cells that use O2 to break down glucose, releasing energy
65
Haemoptysis
Abnormal condition of spitting up of blood
66
Ventilation
Movement of air into and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation (RR x TV)
67
Pneumoconiosis
Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
68
Pneumothorax
Abnormal accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
69
Asphyxia
Deficiency of oxygen in the blood and increase in carbon dioxide in blood
70
What does OSA stand for and what is it?
Obstructive sleep apnoea - intermittent airflow blockage during sleep
71
Hypoxia
Abnormal condition of low O2 at a tissue level
72
Respiration
Movement of air/oxygen from external environment to the cells of the body
73
Internal vs external respiration
- Internal: gaseous exchange between capillaries and tissues - External: gaseous exchange between alveoli and capillaries

VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © (25 decks)

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