Special Senses: Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste Flashcards by Sienna Gauci

Structure and function of the eye

S = 3 layers (fibrous outer layer is sclera and cornea, middle layer is vascular = choroid, iris, ciliary body, inner layer is nervous tissue = retina)
F = vision: to detect light and convert to nerve signals to process visual input

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What is A and what is its structure and function?

Sclera
- S = tough white fibrous outer layer of the eye
- F = maintains shape of eye

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What is B and what is its structure and function?

Choroid
- S = vascular membrane behind the retina
- F = supplies nutrients to retina, absorbs light from retina

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What is D and what is its structure and function?

Cornea
- S = transparent outermost layer, convex in shape
- F = begin the process of refracting light onto the lens

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What is F and what is its structure and function?

Pupil
- S = opening in iris
- F = regulates amount of light let in: if dark, pupil dilates to let more light in and if light, pupil constricts to let less light in

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What is E and what is its structure and function?

Iris
- S = coloured part of the eye, made of smooth muscle
- F = regulates amount of light let in by causing the pupil to dilate/constrict

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What is I and what is its structure and function?

Lens
- S = highly elastic, transparent biconvex structure
- F = refracts light onto the retina for clear vision

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What is H and what is its structure and function?

Ciliary muscles
- S = smooth muscle attached to suspensory ligaments
- F = controls lens shape for the refraction of light onto the retina, produces aqueous humour

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What is C and what is its structure and function?

Suspensory ligaments
- S = thin fibres that connect the ciliary muscles to the lens
- F = allow the ciliary muscles to change the shape of the lens

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What is K and what is its structure and function?

Retina
- S = nervous tissue lining the inside surface of the eye. contains photoreceptors (rods = motion, black/white and cones = central vision, colour)
- F = receives light signals and converts them into neural signals for interpretation by the brain

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Macula and fovea

Function centre of retina - provides greatest clarity of vision

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What is L and what is its structure and function?

Optic nerve
- S = cranial nerve that originates in the retina
- F = transmits messages from retina to occipital lobe

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What is J and what is its structure and function?

Vitreous humour
- S = fluid located in posterior chamber of eye
- F = give shape to eye, provide nutrients

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What is G and what is its function?

Aqueous humour (aqueous= anterior)
- Maintains pressure within the eye

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Name 7 accessory structures to the eye

Eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal glands, conjunctiva, eye socket, skeletal muscles surrounding the eye

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Function of eyebrows and eyelashes

Protect the eyes by trapping foreign particles (dust, sweat, pathogens) to prevent them from entering the eyes

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Function of eyelids (skin= integumentary)

Protect eye from injury, spread moisture when we blink to provide lubrication and prevent dryness

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Structure and function of conjunctiva

S = lines inside of eyelids and covers sclera
F = produce mucus and tears for protection and lubrication

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Function of lacrimal glands

Provide conjunctiva with nutrients and drain wastes, secrete fluid for lubrication of the eye, produce tears which contain enzymes to prevent bacterial infection

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Structure and function of eye socket

S = bony cavity that holds the eye
F = keep eye in place and provide protection

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Function of the skeletal muscles surrounding the eye

Control eye movements and coordination between L and R eyes
If there is an imbalance it can lead to diplopia (double vision)

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Explain the process of vision

Light bounces off objects and reflects towards eye
Enters eye and refracted through pupil by cornea
Lens refracts light onto retina
Retina converts to nerve impulses
Optic nerve carries impulses to occipital lobe
Brain interprets signals > vision

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Ways to maintain healthy eyes

Balanced diet> too much fat can damage macula
Sleep> allows eyes to rest and lubricate
Wash hands to prevent chance of pathogens entering eyes
Wear sunglasses to protect eyes from UV damage

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Kerat/o
Conjunctiv/o

Cornea
Conjunctiva

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Lacrim/o Blephar/o

Lacrimal gland Eyelid

Core/o Chrom/o

Pupil Colour

Irid/o Phot/o

Iris Light

Opt/o Pupill/o

Vision Pupil

Ocul/o Retin/o

Eye Retina

Dacry/o Phac, phak/o

Lacrimal gland Lens of the eye

Ophthalm/o Iri/o

Eye Iris

Scler/o Corne/o

Sclera Cornea

Chromat/o Cor/o

Color Pupil

OS OU

Left eye Both eyes

OD VA

Right eye Visual acuity

VF -opia

Visual field Condition of the eye

What is WNL for the pupil constriction reflex?

Pupils equal and responsive to light

Nystagmus Presbyopia

Repetitive/uncontrolled eye movements Abnormal condition of inability to focus eyes due to old age

What are cataracts?

Degenerative disease caused by clouding of the lens

What is glaucoma

Build up of fluid/pressure in the eye

Structure and function of the ear

- S = outer ear, middle ear, inner ear - F = detect sound waves and convert to nerve signals as well as balance and equilibrium

What is a sound wave?

‘Chain reaction’ sequence of molecules in the air vibrating

Structure and function of the outer ear

- S = contains pinna/auricle and auditory canal - F = collect sound waves

What is M and what is its structure and function?

Pinna/auricle - S = external ear flap (outer ear) - F = to concentrate and collect sound waves into the auditory canal

What is L and what is its function?

Auditory canal - Transmit sound waves from pinna to eardrum (outer ear)

Structure and function of the middle ear

- S = tympanic membrane (eardrum) and ossicles (malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup) - F = to transmit sound waves

What is K and what is its structure and function?

Tympanic membrane (eardrum) - S = oval shaped membrane in middle ear - F = transmit sound waves from auditory canal to ossicles and protect middle ear from foreign particles

What is A and what is its structure and function?

Ossicles - S = small bones in middle ear (B= malleus/hammer, C= incus/anvil and D= stapes/stirrup) - F = transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to cochlea, amplify sound waves

Structure and function of the inner ear

- S = cochlea and vestibular system - F = process sound waves, balance and equilibrium

What is I and what is its function?

Cochlea (inner ear) - Transform sound waves into neural signals

What is N and what is its structure and function?

Vestibular system (inner ear) - S = semi-circular canals (F) and vestibule (E) - F = detect movement and changes in body position through displacement of stereo cilia (hair-like cells) and sends info to cerebellum to maintain balance/equilibrium

3 SENSORY structures involved in equilibrium/balance

- Vestibular system in inner ear - Eyes - Proprioception (perception of body movement)

3 structures in the ear involved in equilibrium/balance

- Vestibule - Vestibular nerve - Semicircular canals

What is J and what is its function?

Eustachian tube - Maintains pressure and drains middle ear, links middle ear to nasopharynx

What is G and what is its function?

Vestibular nerve - Transmits messages from vestibule to brain regarding balance and equilibrium

What is H and what is its function?

Cochlear nerve - Transmits messages from cochlea to brain to interpret sound

Describe the process of hearing

- Sound wave generated in external environment - Pinna/auricle collects and concentrates sounds to auditory canal - Auditory canal directs sound to eardrum which vibrates - Ossicles (malleus/incus/stapes) transmit and amplify sound - Sound waves passed to fluid in cochlea, activating stereocilia (hair cells) which generates a nerve impulse - Signal transmitted to brain via cochlea nerve

How to maintain healthy ears

- Avoid exposure to loud sounds - Wear earplugs - Keap ears dry and clean - Regular exercise to promote circulation for waste and nutrient transport - Avoid cleaning ear wax (protection)

Ot/o Tympan/o

Ear Eardrum

Aur/i,o Son/o

Ear Sound

Acou/o Myring/o

Hearing Eardrum

Ech/o Audi/o

Sound Hearing

Staped/o

Stapes (middle ear bone)

Tinnitus Vertigo

Condition of ringing in the ears Spinning sensation

Describe the process of smell

- Air enters nasal cavity where it is warmed, filtered and moistened - Chemoreceptors on roof of nasal cavity detect airborne chemicals (odourants) - Sensory message sent to brain via olfactory nerve

Describe the process of taste

- Food enters into the mouth, chemicals dissolve into saliva - Chemoreceptors in tongue/roof of mouth detect tastants - Sensory info sent to brain via facial nerve, vagus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve

What is the function of taste?

Protective > foul taste will initiate gag/vomiting reflex to remove dangerous foods

What are papillae?

Bumps on tongue - Help grip food during mastication

5 taste sensations

Sweet (sugars), sour (H+ ions/acidity), salty (Na+/Cl-), bitter (amino acids in vegetables), umami (savoury flavour in meat etc)

Olfaction Gustation

Sense of smell Sense of taste

Phantosmia Presbyosmia

Condition of smelling an odour that is not actually there Condition of loss of smell due to old age

Ageusia Parosmia

Abnormal condition of loss of taste Abnormal condition of distorted sense of smell

-osmia Presby-

Smell/odour Elderly/aged

Agnosia -geusia

Inability to classify, contrast or identify odour Taste

Special Senses: Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste Flashcards

(74 cards)