Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the components of the skeletal system?
A
Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints
2
Q
List the regions of the vertebral column in order
A
- Cervical: C1-C7 (C1=atlas, C2=axis)
- Thoracic: T1-T12 (all ribs are thoracic)
- Lumbar: L1-L5 (starts after ribs)
- Sacrum: S1-S5 (fused)
- Coccyx: 4 fused bones
3
Q
List the components of the axial skeleton
A
- Cranium (frontal, temporal, occipital, zygomatic, parietal, occipital, maxilla, mandible)
- Vertebrae: (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
- Sternum: manubrium, sternum body, xiphoid process
- Ribs
4
Q
What are the two types of bone tissue?
A
- Compact/cortical: hard, dense, strong, durable outer layer
- Cancellous/trabecular/spongy: network of trabeculae (rod-like structures), lighter, less dense, flexible inner layer
5
Q
Name the 5 types of bones
A
Flat, long, short, sesamoid, irregular
6
Q
Describe flat bones with examples
A
- Thin and wide bones that provide flat areas for muscle attachment
- Enclose cavities to protect organs
- e.g. sternum, ribs, scapula, pelvis, cranial bones like occipital/parietal/frontal bone
7
Q
Describe irregular bones with examples
A
- No regular shape or characteristics
e.g. vertebra, some skull bones
8
Q
Describe sesamoid bones with examples
A
Small bones developed in tendons e.g. patella
9
Q
Describe short bones with examples
A
- No extremities or shaft
- Roughly same width and length (cubicle)
- e.g. carpals/tarsals
10
Q
Describe long bones with examples
A
- Longer than they are wide
- Contain 2 extremities and a shaft
e.g. femur/tibia/phalanges/clavicle
11
Q
Describe the 4 main components of a long bone
A
- 2 extremities (proximal + distal epiphysis): compact bone on outside, cancellous bone on inside, red bone marrow for haematopoiesis
- metaphysis: portion of bone between the epiphyses and diaphysis
- Shaft (diaphysis): compact bone, medullary cavity, fatty yellow bone marrow, endosteum within medullary cavity
- Periosteum: vascular double layered outer membrane, tough and fibrous for protection
12
Q
Name the 3 types of bone cells
A
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
13
Q
Osteoblasts
A
Make new bone, repair old bone
14
Q
Osteoclasts
A
Break down bone to remodel injured bone
15
Q
Osteocytes
A
Inactive osteoblasts trapped in the bone they created, responsible for communication within bone tissue, make pathways for nerves and blood vessels
16
Q
Structure, function and examples of cartilage
A
- S = specialised connective tissue. avascular (no blood vessels) > slow healing
- F = shock absorption and joint lubrication to reduce friction for mobility
- e.g. articular cartilage, intercostal cartilage, pubic symphysis, nose, ears etc
17
Q
Structure, function and examples of tendons
A
- S = soft connective tissue, less elastic, parallel fibres, connects muscle to bone
- F = transfer force between muscle and bones for movement
- e.g. patellar tendon, proximal and distal biceps tendons
18
Q
Structure, function and examples of ligaments
A
- S = strong, elastic fibrous bands of connective tissue that vary in location, size, length
- F = connect bones to bones to control movement and stability of joints
- e.g. ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
19
Q
What are joints?
A
Links between bones for movement and stability
20
Q
Structure, function and examples of fibrous joints
A
- S = tough connective tissue (sutures)
- F = join bones w/ no movement
- e.g. joints in cranium
21
Q
Strain vs sprain
A
- sTrain: damage to Tendons
- sprain: damage to ligaments
22
Q
Inversion vs eversion ankle sprain
A
- Inversion: when a lateral ligament of the ankle is damaged through rotation of the sole of the foot inwards
- Eversion: when a medial ligament of the ankle is damaged through rotation of the sole of the foot outwards
23
Q
4 ligaments of the knee
A
ACL, PCL, MCL (medial collateral ligament), LCL (lateral collateral ligament)
24
Q
Structure, function and examples of cartilaginous joints
A
- S = connected entirely by cartilage
- F = absorb shock b/n bones, little movement
- e.g. intervertebral discs, costal cartilage, pubic symphysis
25
Structure, function and examples of synovial joints
- S = space with a capsule between 2 articulating bones
- F = movement such as flexion and extension
- e.g. hip/knee/elbow
26
Describe the relationship between stability and mobility of a joint, using an example
As stability increases, mobility decreases e.g. fibrous joints have the least mobility but the most stability
27
Name the types of synovial joints
Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid/ellipsoid, plane/gliding, saddle
28
Which synovial joint type has the largest and smallest range of motion?
- Largest: ball and socket
- Smallest: hinge
29
Structure of ball and socket joint
Rounded head of a bone (ball) sitting in a cavity called a depression (socket)
30
Movements and examples of ball and socket joint
- Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation
- e.g. shoulder/hip
31
Movements and examples of hinge joint
- Flexion, extension
- e.g. elbow/knee/phalanges
32
Movements and examples of pivot joint
- Rotation
- e.g. between the atlas and axis
33
Movements and examples of condyloid/ellipsoid joint
- Flexion, extension, circumduction, adduction, abduction, rotation
- e.g. knuckles, wrist
34
Movements and examples of plane/gliding joint
- Side to side movement
- e.g. carpals, tarsals, scapula
35
Movements and examples of saddle joint
- Flexion, extension, circumduction, adduction, abduction, rotation
- e.g. thumb
36
Categorise the components of synovial joints into stability and mobility
- Stability: ligament, meniscus, joint capsule
- Mobility: articular cartilage, synovial fluid, bursa, pad of fat
37
What are the 4 main components of a synovial joint?
Synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligament, joint capsule
38
Structure and function of synovial fluid
- S = slippery fluid within joint cavity
- F = decrease friction between articular cartilage for mobility
39
Structure and function of articular cartilage
- S = smooth, spongy cartilage that covers the ends of bones
- F = absorb shock and decrease friction between ends of bones for mobility
40
Structure and function of joint capsule
- S = double-layered, tough, fibrous tissue
- F = provide stability to the joint for strength
41
Structure and function of pad of fat
- S = fatty pad
- F = provide cushioning to decrease friction for mobility
42
Structure and function of the bursa
- S = flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial fluid
- F = decrease friction for mobility
43
Structure and function of meniscus
- S = wedge of white fibrocartilage
- F = increase stability for strength of joint and absorb shock to reduce wear and tear on joints
44
6 functions of bones
- Protect organs (e.g. ribs protect lungs)
- Produce movement (e.g. muscles contract, pulling bones for movement)
- Provide a boundary to thoracic, pelvic, cranial cavities
- Haemopoiesis: formation of RBC in red bone marrow
- Provide structure (e.g. vertebrae provide support for posture)
- Storage of minerals e.g. Ca, P, Na, K
45
Acronym for functions of bones
People move because red blood cells sing softly: protection, movement, boundary, haematopoiesis, structure, storage
46
How to maintain a healthy skeletal system
- Regular exposure to sunlight = essential for Vit D production which helps with
Ca formation = strengthens bones and prevents osteoporosis
- Avoid smoking as this can weaken bones
- Regularly exercise to strengthen bones
47
What are the 4 bones that make up the knee joint?
Patella, tibia, fibula, femur
48
What is the function of the patella?
To protect the knee joint
49
Articul/o
Brachi/o
Joint
Arm
50
Acetabul/o
Arthr/o
Acetabulum (hip socket)
Joint
51
Carp/o
Chir/o
Carpals (wrist bones)
Hand
52
Rachi/o
Radi/o
Vertebra, spinal or vertebral column
Radius (lower arm bone)
53
Uln/o
Vertebr/o
Ulna (lower arm bone)
Vertebra
54
Pod/o
Pub/o
Foot
Pubis
55
Pelv/i,o
Phalang/o
Pelvis, pelvic bone
Phalanges
56
Femor/o
Fibul/o
Femur (upper leg bone)
Fibula (lower leg bone)
57
Tars/o
Tibi/o
Tarsals (ankle bones)
Tibia (lower leg bone)
58
Crani/o
Dactyl/o
Cranium (skull)
Fingers/toes
59
Kin/e
Dynam/o
Movement
60
Oste/o
Patell/o
Bone
Patella (knee cap)
61
Mandibul/o
Maxill/o
Mandible (lower jawbone)
Maxilla (upper jawbone)
62
Scapul/o
Spondyl/o
Scapula (shoulder bone)
Vertebra
63
Kinesi/o
Lumb/o
Movement, motion
Lumbar region, lower back
64
Clavicul/o
Cost/o
Clavicle (collar bone)
Rib
65
Gnath/o
Humer/o
Haw
Humerus (upper arm bone)
66
Chondr/o
Clavic/o
Cartilage
Clavicle
67
Burs/o
Calc/i
Bursa (joint cavity)
Calcium
68
Menisc/o
Myel/o
Meniscus
Bone marrow or spinal cord
69
Stern/o
Synovi/o
Sternum
Synovial membrane
70
Ili/o
Ischi/o
Ilium
Ischium
71
Myelon/o
Oste/o
Mpinal cord
Bone
72
Mastoid/o
Cubit/o
Mastoid
Elbow
73
Osteopenia
Abnormal condition of low bone density
74
Osteoporosis
Abnormal condition of porous bones > less density, greater risk of Fx
75
Spondylosis
Degenerative arthritic changes of the spine
