Respiratory System 2

Question 1

what is the diameter of a bronchiole?

Answer 1

1mm or less

Question 2

is there cartilage in the walls of bronchioles

Answer 2

no!

Question 3

what replaces the cartilage plates in the bronchioles

Answer 3

smooth muscle

Question 4

the lining of bronchioles varies from what to what

Answer 4

ciliated columnar with goblet cells in primary bronchioles

ciliated cuboidal with clara cells ( secratory) in terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Question 5

what is the most distal part of the conducting system

Answer 5

terminal bronchioles

Question 6

what is the lining of the terminal bronchiole?

Answer 6

simple cuboidal with clara (secratoy) cells with ciliated cells

Question 7

clara cells have an abundance of what

Answer 7

smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( theri enzymes may be involved in metabolizing inspired toxins)

Question 8

The SER in terminal bronciholes is important for what? they contain what?

Answer 8

• detoxificatoin of toxins

- cytochromatin E450

Question 9

clara cells produce what? what do they act like? what do they do?

Answer 9

• produce uterogenine
• act like surfactants
• help to maintain the integrity of the repiratory track and not let it collapse

Question 10

why are clara cells like stem cells

Answer 10

they can reproduce themseves or other cells in resp. tract

Question 11

club cell is another name for?

Answer 11

clara cells

Question 12

what are the two ways to identify a clara cell on a slide

Answer 12

• dome shaped

- they are in between the cuboidal cells in the epithelium of the terminal bronchiole

Question 13

what marks the transition between repiratory poriton and conducting portion

Answer 13

respirstory bronchiole

Question 14

unlike the terminal bronchiol, the respiratory bronchiole has a wall that is interrupted by what?

Answer 14

alveoli

Question 15

where is the first portion for gas exchange to happen?

Answer 15

respiratory bronchiole

Question 16

what is the wall of the respiratory bronchiole lined by

Answer 16

simple cuboidal eptihelium that has clara and cilliated cells

Question 17

beyond what point will there be no more smooth muscle in the lungs

Answer 17

the alveolar duct

Question 18

what do smooth muscle knobs typify?

Answer 18

alveolar ducts

Question 19

what is the entrance into the alveoli

Answer 19

the alveolar duct

Question 20

closely spaced alveoli are separated by what

Answer 20

interalveolar septum

Question 21

what is present in the interalveolar septum at the opening of the adjacent alveoli

Answer 21

smooth muscle

Question 22

what lines the alveolar duct ( epithelium)

Answer 22

attenuated simple squamous

Question 23

what does the epithelium of the alveolar duct have

Answer 23

type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

Question 24

attenuated means

Answer 24

extremely flat

Question 25

what is the expanded space at the distal ends of the alveolar ducts that have walls that consist of adjacent alveoli?

Answer 25

alveolar sacs

Question 26

what permits gas exchange between air and blood ( o2 in the air going into the blood and CO2 from blood going to air)

Answer 26

alveoli

Question 27

how do alveoli communicate with each other

Answer 27

through alveolar pores of Kohn

Question 28

if one alveoli isn't getting air through por of Kohn what will happen to the other one

Answer 28

it will get the air from the one who has air also works in a bad way, one infected, the next one will be too

Question 29

why does the inter-alveolar wall that separates the two alveoli have elastic fibers and reticular fibers?

Answer 29

because the alveoli expand and retract during exhalation, without these fibers this will not work

Question 30

what is the epithelial lingin of the alveoli

Answer 30

attenuated simple squamous that has three cell types 1. type 1 pnm. 2. type 2 pnem. 3. ALVEOLAR macrophages

Question 31

alveolar macrophages are also called what

Answer 31

dust cells

Question 32

where does gas exchange directly occure

Answer 32

the alveolar-capillary barrier

Question 33

what cell forms bart of the BGB

Answer 33

type 1 pneumocytes

Question 34

what is the cytoplasm of the type 1 pneum

Answer 34

very thin, less then 80nm thick

Question 35

wat covers about 95% of the alveolar surface

Answer 35

type 1 alveolar cell

Question 36

what do type 1 pneumocytes do with neighboring cells

Answer 36

forms tight junctions with them

Question 37

where does the surfactant in the type 2 pneum come from

Answer 37

lamina bodies in the cell

Question 38

what is the function of surfactant

Answer 38

reduces the surface tension

Question 39

the bulgin free surface of type 2 pneumocytes contains what

Answer 39

microvilli that are short

Question 40

what is a low cuboidal cel and is located most often near the septal intersections

Answer 40

type 2 pneumoctye

Question 41

what are the 3 other names for type 2 pneumocyte

Answer 41

- greater alveolar cell - granular pneumocyte - septal cell

Question 42

what produces the monomolecular film that spreads over the alveolar surface

Answer 42

surfactant

Question 43

what junctions do septal cells form

Answer 43

tight junctions

Question 44

which pneumocyte can divide and regenerate both cell types

Answer 44

type 2

Question 45

dust cells/ alveolar phagocytes do what

Answer 45

are a principle mononuclear phagocyte on the alveolar surface that remove inhaled dust and bacteria

Question 46

what is the vital line of defense in the lungs

Answer 46

alveolar macrophage

Question 47

what happens when dust cells are filled with debris

Answer 47

they migrate to the bronchioles and is carried by cillia to the upper airways and pharynx, then the debris is swallowed

Question 48

what is a less known way for dust cells to get rid of debris

Answer 48

to migrate to the intersititum and leave through the lymphatics

Question 49

what are the two things that form the alveolar septum

Answer 49

capillary and either type 1 or type 2 pneum

Question 50

what kind of vessel is expected to be in the lung

Answer 50

continuous capillary anywhere there is a barrier there will be continuos capillaries

Question 51

in regards to the BGB what would i do with the interalveolar septum

Answer 51

divide it into two

Question 52

what helps to support interalveolar septum from collapsing

Answer 52

elastic and reticular fibers

Question 53

are there alot of reticular fibers where gas exchange is acutally happening

Answer 53

no

Question 54

what is the size of the space where gas exchange actually happens

Answer 54

1.5 um

Question 55

what occupies the central region of the interalveolar septum

Answer 55

continuous capillaries

Question 56

average distance across BgB is

Answer 56

.5 um

Question 57

where the two basal laminas fuse in the IA septum the distance is reduce to?

Answer 57

.2um

Question 58

pulmonary veins run independently or with the pulmonary arteries?

Answer 58

independetly

Question 59

blood supply to the lungs is from what

Answer 59

pulmonary arteries and bronchioles

Question 60

each bronchiole from a bronchus enters what

Answer 60

a lung lobule

Question 61

what is the shape of a lobule

Answer 61

pyramid

Question 62

what seperates each lobule

Answer 62

an incomplete septum

Question 63

lymphatics run inside the dense CT but are not wher

Answer 63

in the interalveolar wall

Question 64

what nerves supply heart and lungs

Answer 64

cardiopulmonary nerves ( autonomic )

Question 65

wat are the parietal pleura and parietal pericardium supplied by

Answer 65

somatic nerves

Question 66

when someone actually feel pain in the lungs

Answer 66

once the parietal pleura is affected because it is supplied by somatic nerves

Question 67

autonomic nerves supply

Answer 67

lungs and visceral pleura

Question 68

what is in the lungs that permits the expansion and relaxation of the lungs

Answer 68

elastic tissue

Question 69

pleural space is under what kind of pressure?

Answer 69

neative