Respiratory System

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

process of gas exchange in the body

Question 2

Inhalation

Answer 2

“breathing in, inspiration”

Question 3

Exhalation

Answer 3

“breathing out, expiration”

Question 4

Respiratory System may be divided into two portions

Answer 4

Conducting Portion Respiratory Portion

Question 5

Conducting Portion

Answer 5

“conducts” & transfers air, no gas exchange here * nose and paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles

Question 6

Respiratory Portion

Answer 6

Gas exchange occurs here *Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 7

Functions of Respiratory System; Respiration/Gas Exchange

Answer 7

* oxgyen is taken from the lungs and to the tissues * carbon dioxide (a waste product of cellular activity) diffuses INTO the alveoli and is then expelled out these tubes when we exhale

Question 8

Functions of Respiratory System; Phonation

Answer 8

he larynx (voice box) is responsible for producing speech

Question 9

Nasal Cavity

Answer 9

Internal Nose Subdivided by a Nasal Septum *Floor: hard and soft palate *Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 10

Superior Part of the Nasal Cavity

Answer 10

*Olfactory epithelium *Bipolar neurons are the ones that receive the smell and send it to the brain

Question 11

Functions of the Nasal Cavity

Answer 11

Warming and Humidifying air Filtering air Olfaction

Question 12

Three bones in Nasal Cavity

Answer 12

1) superior nasal conchae 2) middle nasal conchae 3) inferior nasal conchae

Question 13

Functions of Nasal Cavity Bones

Answer 13

increase air turbulence in nasal cavity (so the air and any foreign particles ‘swirl’ about, and the foreign particles are more likely to be trapped in mucus during the process)

Question 14

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 14

paired cavities/spaces within some of the skull bones that connect to the nasal cavity (fig 25.3) * maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal

Question 15

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 15

1) along with the nasal cavity, they help warm and humidify the air 2) these hollow chambers provide a resonance (deepness) to the voice 3) also help lighten the skull

Question 16

Clinical; Sinusitis/Sinus Pressure

Answer 16

The reason why we have sinuses is because of this

Question 17

Pharynx

Answer 17

connects the nasal cavity and mouth, to the larynx and esophagus * contains several groups of tonsils – pharyngeal, palatine, (We can see these clearly, back of the mouth, back of the oral cavity) & lingual. (Theyre waiting and trying to keep foreign invaders out of the body)

Question 18

Functions of Tonsils

Answer 18

Can attack/destroy antigens (foreign matter) before they get too far down the GI or Respiratory Tract

Question 19

Three Parts of Pharynx

Answer 19

NAsopharynx Oropharynx Larngopharynx

Question 20

Nasopharynx

Answer 20

* directly behind the nasal cavity * inferior/lower border is soft palate * pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium * contains openings for auditory tubes

Question 21

Oropharynx

Answer 21

from the soft palate to the hyoid bone *directly behind the oral cavity * both air and food travel in here! * nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium IT needs to be like this because things will rub up against it. For Example: Food.

Question 22

Laryngopharynx

Answer 22

from hyoid bone to the superior border of esophagus * directly behind Larynx *transports both food and air * nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 23

Larynx

Answer 23

anterior to esophagus (food tube) in neck – ‘voice box’ (If you talk, you will hear this vibrate) – functions: 1) transporting air to trachea/bronchi and lungs 2) (sound/speech production)! *contains many different cartilages, connected together by ligaments

Question 24

Larynx Components

Answer 24

Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage Epiglottis 2 Arytenoid Cartilages

Question 25

Thyroid Cartilages

Answer 25

forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx

Question 26

Cricoid Cartilage

Answer 26

only complete ring of cartilage \* underneath thyroid cartilage \*Directly above Thachea \*Things will not pass if they're not smaller than this ring, can also make a airway through here.

Question 27

Epiglottis

Answer 27

spoon-shaped cartilage at top of larynx \* function: it folds over and closes off the larynx when we swallow food, so materials don’t accidentally enter the larynx!

Question 28

2 Arytenoid Cartilages

Answer 28

- left and right vocal folds ("true vocal cords")attach from arytenoid to thyroid cartilage \* sound is produced when the cords vibrate against the pressure of air \*\* more air being forced through the larynx - louder sound

Question 29

How do you get higher sounds versus lower sounds

Answer 29

When you tighten your vocal cords, you make a higher sound. When you loosen your vocal cords, you can make a lower sound.

Question 30

Bronchial Tree

Answer 30

-- As inhaled air travels in these tubes, the tubes get progressively smaller \* largest bronchi have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - this epithelium changes to cuboidal and then to simple squamous epithelium as the tubes get smaller \* cartilage disappears in the smaller tubes, and is replaced by smooth muscle in the bronchioles

Question 31

Conducting Portion Components

Answer 31

Trachea Left and Right Primary Bronchi Lobar Bronchi Segmental Bronchi Bronchioles

Question 32

Trachea

Answer 32

-- connects to larynx superiorly -- travels from the neck into the thorax -- splits into left and right bronchi (bronchus is singular) -- composition: a) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium b) c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Question 33

Left and Right Primary Bronchi

Answer 33

one goes to each lung \* these structures are OUTSIDE the lung \* irregular plates of cartilage \* once they enter the lung they divide into:

Question 34

Lobar Bronchi

Answer 34

one goes to each lobe of a lung \* cartilage plates (little less cartilage than last time)

Question 35

Segmental Bronchi

Answer 35

these supply one specific segment of the lung (bronchopulmonary segments) (Fig. 25.12) \* still have some cartilage \* segmental bronchi divide into smaller bronchi, and these smaller bronchi divide into smaller bronchi, and these smaller bronchi divide into bronchioles. (Bronchioles have no cartilage)

Question 36

Bronchioles

Answer 36

\* no cartilage here! \* cartilage replaced by smooth muscle \* last set of bronchioles in conducting portion: terminal bronchioles

Question 37

Asthma

Answer 37

A normal airway is circular and has a large opening. For an individual with Asthma, the Asthmatic airway is constricted and smaller. During an Asthma Attack, the Asthmatic airway becomes extremely small with mucus also coming out of the airway. People cough and wheez during asthma attacks because they cannot breathe.

Question 38

Pleura

Answer 38

Serous membrane that secretes serous fluid

Question 39

Parietal Pleura

Answer 39

(Outer Layer) Will line the inside of the rib cage

Question 40

Visceral Pleura

Answer 40

(Inner Layer) Is actually touching the surface of the lungs themselves

Question 41

Pleural Cavity

Answer 41

Little bit of fluid in between

Question 42

Blood Supply to Lungs

Answer 42

pulmonary arteries carry blood LOW in oxygen from heart to the lungs -- pulmonary veins carry blood HIGH in oxygen back from the lungs

Question 43

Surface Anatomy of Lungs; Right Lung

Answer 43

\*3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior lobe (Three secondary Bronchi here, one for each lobe) \*2 fissures: oblique and horizontal fissures (separates superior and middle)

Question 44

Surface Anatomy of Lungs; Left Lung

Answer 44

\* 2 lobes: superior and inferior lobe \* 1 fissure: Oblique fissure -- Bronchopulmonary Segments

Question 45

Respiratory Bronchioles

Answer 45

\* these branch from terminal bronchioles \* epithelium is cuboidal but ciliated, typically \* have some smooth muscle (and elastic/collagen fibers) in walls \* may have some alveoli coming off of them \* these give rise to smaller segments of the respiratory portion, like:

Question 46

Alveolar Ducts

Answer 46

long, tube-like passageways (but smaller than respiratory bronchioles) off of which alveoli come. (These alveolar ducts are like walking down the hallway and the doors in the hallway represent the alveoli)

Question 47

Alveoli

Answer 47

smallest units of respiratory portion \* simple squamous epithelium \* respiratory membrane is the simple squamous epithelium of the alveolus + the simple squamous epithelium of a pulmonary capillary

Question 48

Inspiration

Answer 48

Expand Thoracic Cavity Superior to inferior: diaphragm o Anteriorly: sternum o Laterally: ribs

Question 49

Expiration

Answer 49

Compress thoracic cavity • From Superior to Inferior : Diaphragm • Laterally: Ribs From anterior to posterior: Sternum