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bio lab > Respiratory System Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory System Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

A

breathing and the exchange of gases that allow respiration to occur at the cellular level

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2
Q

what is another name for breathing?

A

ventilation

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3
Q

what is breathing?

A

mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs

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4
Q

What is exchanged between the lungs and blood?

A

gases, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Where does blood transport oxygen?

A

to the tissues where the cells. use oxygen for respiration

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6
Q

what is respiration?

A

the chemical process of using oxygen to produce energy

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7
Q

what is a waste product of the respiratory process?

A

carbon dioxide

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8
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide after the respiratory process?

A

it is taken up from the tissues into the blood and transported back to the lungs to be exhaled back into the environment

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9
Q

what are the 6 organs of the respiratory system?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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10
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract composed of?

A

-organs in the head and neck
-nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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11
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract composed of?

A

-organs of the thorax
-trachea through lungs

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12
Q

what is the conducting division?

A

all cavities and structures (nostrils to bronchioles) that allow for air into and from the alveoli

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13
Q

What is the respiratory division?

A

gas exchanging surfaces at the level of the alveoli

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14
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

-to warms cleanse and humidify inhaled air
-to detect odors (through olfactory receptors)
-as a resonating chamber that amplifies voice

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15
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

cribriform plate

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16
Q

What are the structures of the nose?

A

-superior half
-inferior half
-ala nasi

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17
Q

What does the superior half of the nose contain?

A

nasal bones

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18
Q

What does the inferior half of the nose contain?

A

lateral and alar cartilage

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19
Q

What does the ala nasi portion of the nose contain?

A

flared portion shaped by dense connective tissue that forms the lateral wall of each nostril

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20
Q

What does the nasal conducting zone begin with and consist of?

A

Begins in the nasal cavity and consists of the nasal conchae and nasal meatus

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21
Q

How many folds of tissue are on the lateral wall of the nasal fossa?

A

3

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22
Q

what do the tissue folds on the lateral wall of the nasal fossa do?

A

help to increase the surface area for the incoming air

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23
Q

What are the folds in the nasal fossa lined with?

A

mucous membranes

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24
Q

What do the mucous membranes in the nasal fossa do?

A

help sense the odors and trap air particles/pathogens

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25
Q

Where is the olfactory mucosa?

A

roof of nasal fossa

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26
Q

what does the olfactory mucosa do?

A

its mucous helps dissolve gaseous odors for binding onto the chemosensory olfactory neurons

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27
Q

where is the respiratory mucosa?

A

lines the rest of the nasal cavity

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28
Q

What epithelium is the respiratory mucosa?

A

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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29
Q

what is the nasal meatus?

A

narrow air passages beneath each concha

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30
Q

What does the nasal meatus do?

A

ensure that air comes into contact with mucous membranes

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31
Q

Where does air go after the nasal cavity?

A

pharynx

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32
Q

What is another name for the pharynx?

A

throat

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33
Q

What are the three areas of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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34
Q

Where is the Nasopahrynx?

A

transition between nasal cavity and the pharynx

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35
Q

Where is the uvula found?

A

nasopharynx

36
Q

What does the uvula do?

A

prevent food from entering the nasopharynx when swallowing

37
Q

Where is the oropharynx?

A

transitional region between the oral cavity and pharynx that comes into contact with air and food

38
Q

What is the oropharynx lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

39
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils located?

A

-space between the soft palate and root of the tongue
-can extend as far as hyoid bone

40
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

-transition between the pharynx and the area of bifurcation between the larynx and esophagus
-region between hyoid bone and level of cricoid cartilage

41
Q

What is laryngopharynx lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

42
Q

what comes after the pharynx?

A

larynx

43
Q

What is the larynx outlined by?

A

hyoid bone and nine cartilages

44
Q

where is the glottis?

A

-inferior to the epiglottis
-vocal cords and openings between

45
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

flap of tissue that guards the glottis and directs food and drink to the esophagus and NOT the trachea

46
Q

What is the difference between and adult and infant larynx?

A

infants lies higher to allow breathing while swallowing

47
Q

What are the nine cartilages of the larynx?

A

-epiglottis cartilage
-thyroid cartilage
-cricoid cartilage
-arytenoid cartilages (2)
-corniculate cartilages (2)
-cuneiform cartilages (2)

48
Q

Where is the epiglottis cartilage and what does it make up?

A

most superior and makes up the epiglottis

49
Q

What are characteristic of the thyroid cartilage?

A

-largest
-laryngeal prominence forms here
-more prominent in men which results in a deeper voice

50
Q

Where is the arytenoid cartilage located?

A

posterior to thyroid cartilage

51
Q

Where is the corniculate cartilage located?

A

attaches to arytenoid cartilage (like a pair of horns)

52
Q

What does the cuneiform cartilage do?

A

supports soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis

53
Q

What are the two folds on the walls of the larynx?

A

vestibular folds and vocal cords

54
Q

What is another name for vestibular folds?

A

false vocal cords

55
Q

where are the vestibular folds located?

A

superior to vocal folds

56
Q

What do the vestibular folds do?

A

help to close glottis during swallowing

57
Q

What is another name for the vocal cords?

A

true vocal cords

58
Q

What do the vocal cords do?

A

produce sound

59
Q

Where does air go after the larynx?

A

trachea

60
Q

What are characteristics of the trachea?

A

rigid tube extending about 4.5 inches long and 2.5 inches in diameter

61
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

anterior to the esophagus

62
Q

What is the trachea supported by?

A

16-10 C-shaped cartilaginous rings

63
Q

Where do the openings to the cartilaginous rings of the trachea face?

A

posterior towards the esophagus

64
Q

What does the trachealis muscle allow?

A

adjustments in airflow by expanding or contracting

65
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

66
Q

What is the function of the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the trachea?

A

functions as mucociliary escalatory to bring the mucous to the oropharynx where it can be expelled or swallowed

67
Q

where is the carnia located?

A

where the primary/main bronchi form

68
Q

What does the main (primary) bronchi begin?

A

branching of the bronchial tree

69
Q

What do the main bronchi divide into?

A

second bronchi

70
Q

How many secondary bronchi are in the left lung?

A

two

71
Q

How many secondary bronchi are in the right lung?

A

three

72
Q

What do the secondary bronchi serve?

A

their respective lobes

73
Q

What do the secondary bronchi split into?

A

tertiary bronchi

74
Q

What do the tertiary bronchi split into?

A

quaternary bronchi

75
Q

When are air passages considered bronchioles?

A

when air passages are 1 mm thick and lack cartilage

76
Q

When are air passages considered terminal bronchioles?

A

when they are 0.5mm in diameter

77
Q

What do terminal bronchioles represent?

A

end of the conducting division of the respiratory system

78
Q

What do the respiratory bronchioles begin?

A

respiratory division of the respiratory system

79
Q

What does the respiratory division end as?

A

alveolar sacs

80
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

Capillary networks that place the red blood cells in close proximity to the air within the alveoli

81
Q

How many lobes do the lungs have?

A

5 (3 right, 2 left)

82
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by?

A

pleural membrane

83
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

outer layer that lines the interior of the thoracic cavity and superior surface of the diaphragm

84
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

the inner layer that comes into direct contact with the lungs

85
Q

What does the space between the visceral and parietal pleura that is filled with fluid do?

A

-reduce friction
-create a pressure gradient (lower pressures assist in lung inflation)
-compartmentalization (to prevent the spread of infections)

86
Q

What does the medial side of the lungs contain?

A

hilum

87
Q

What is the hilum?

A

location where the primary bronchi, pulmonary artery and vein, afferent and efferent nerves, hilar lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels enter and exit the lungs

bio lab (9 decks)

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