Lymphatic and Immune System Lab Part 1

Question 1

what other system does the lymphatic system work parallel with?

Answer 1

cardiovascular system

Question 2

What is a nickname for the lymphatic vessels?

Answer 2

cleanup crew

Question 3

What are characteristics of the lymphatic vessels?

Answer 3

thin walled, low pressure

Question 4

what do lymphatic vessels do?

Answer 4

return excess tissue fluid to venous circulation

Question 5

What else can be present in excess tissue fluid?

Answer 5

damaged cells, bits of tissue and microbes

Question 6

what makes up lymph?

Answer 6

tissue fluid, cells, and microorganisms

Question 7

What does lymph bass through when returning to the venous system?

Answer 7

numerous small filters called lymph nodes

Question 8

What are the major operational sites of the immune system?

Answer 8

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissue

Question 9

What do the major operational sites of the immune system do?

Answer 9

attack and destroy microorganisms and even cancer cells

Question 10

what is the immune system?

Answer 10

collection of cells that specifically target foreign cells to prevent the spread of infections and even cancers, but it does not have its own organs

Question 11

What part of the immune system makes use of other organ systems?

Answer 11

cells of the immune system, primarily lymphocytes

Question 12

what environments does the immune system combat?

Answer 12

internal and external

Question 13

What does the lymphatic system work with the cardiovascular system to do?

Answer 13

maintain fluid homeostasis in the extracellular fluid, gastrointestinal system to absorb fats

Question 14

Lymphatic systems 3 primary functions

Answer 14

Transporting excess interstitial fluid back to the heart, absorbing dietary fats, activating the immune system

Question 15

what is the process of filtration?

Answer 15

pushes water out of blood into the interstitial fluid

Question 16

Approximately how much fluid is lost in filtration?

Answer 16

1.5 mL/min

Question 17

What does the lymphatic system do to the lost fluid?

Answer 17

It picks up the lost fluid, carries it through the lymphatic vessels, and returns it to the cardiovascular system

Question 18

Where does the water from interstitial fluid first go?

Answer 18

It enters small, blind ended lymph capillaries that surround blood capillary beds

Question 19

What allows the lymph capillaries to allow substances to enter and exit?

Answer 19

highly permeable walls that allow large volumes of fluid to enter and exit

Question 20

when is fluid called lymph?

Answer 20

when the fluid is inside the lymph capillaries

Question 21

Where is lymph delivered to?

Answer 21

large lymph collecting vessels which contain valves that ensure that lymph flows in a singular direction

Question 22

What do lymph collecting vessels drain into?

Answer 22

lymph trunks

Question 23

What are the nine main lymph trunks (some split)?

Answer 23

jugular trunks, subclavian trunks, bronchomediastinal trunks, intestinal trunk, lumbar trunk

Question 24

What does the jugular trunks drain?

Answer 24

head and neck

Question 25

what does the subclavian trunks drain?

Answer 25

upper limbs

Question 26

What do the bronchomediastinal trunks drain?

Answer 26

thorax

Question 27

what does the intestinal trunk drain?

Answer 27

abdomen

Question 28

What do the lumbar trunks drain?

Answer 28

pelvis and lower limbs

Question 29

What do the lymph trunks drain into?

Answer 29

lymph ducts

Question 30

What are the two lymph ducts?

Answer 30

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

Question 31

What does the right lymph duct drain?

Answer 31

right upper limb, right side of the head, neck and thorax

Question 32

What does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 32

remainder of the body

Question 33

Where does the right lymphatic duct deliver lymph to?

Answer 33

the blood at the junction of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins

Question 34

Where does the thoracic duct deliver lymph to?

Answer 34

the blood at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins

Question 35

Why are fats not directly absorbed from the small intestine directly into blood capillaries?

Answer 35

they are too large to enter the small vessels

Question 36

where are fats absorbed?

Answer 36

lymphatic capillary called the lacteal

Question 37

Where does the lacteal deliver fats to?

Answer 37

delivers the fats to lymph-collecting vessels and intestinal trunks

Question 38

Where does fatty lymph go?

Answer 38

enters a large lymphatic vessel called the cisterna chyl

Question 39

Where does the cisterna chyli drain?

Answer 39

thoracic duct

Question 40

What do lymphatic organs activate?

Answer 40

the immune system

Question 41

What does the immune system protect us from?

Answer 41

cellular injury such as trauma or pathogens

Question 42

what are pathogens?

Answer 42

disease causing organisms, cells or chemicals

Question 43

how many lobes does the thymus have?

Answer 43

two

Question 44

where is the thymus located?

Answer 44

anterior mediastinum

Question 45

What does the thymus secrete?

Answer 45

thymosin and thymopoietin

Question 46

What do thymosin and thymopoietin do?

Answer 46

stimulate maturation of T lympocytes

Question 47

When is the thymus the largest and most active?

Answer 47

infants and young children

Question 48

What happens to the thymus in adults?

Answer 48

atrophies and becomes filled with adipose and other connective tissue

Question 49

what are lymph nodes?

Answer 49

arrangements of lymphatic tissue surrounded by a connective capsule

Question 50

What are lymph nodes also called?

Answer 50

lymph glands

Question 51

Are lymph nodes glands?

Answer 51

No, they do not secrete any products

Question 52

What do lymph nodes do?

Answer 52

act as filters that remove potential pathogens from lymph before it is delivered to the blood

Question 53

Where are lymph nodes found?

Answer 53

along lymphatic vessels

Question 54

What type of vessels delivers lymph?

Answer 54

afferent lymphatic vessels

Question 55

What type of vessels drain lymph?

Answer 55

efferent lymphatic vessels

Question 56

Where are clusters of lymph nodes found?

Answer 56

cervical, axillary, inguinal, mesenteric

Question 57

What happens in the lymph node cortex?

Answer 57

immune system cells (lymphocytes, specifically B lymphocytes) and macrophages are arranged into clusters called lymphoid follicles

Question 58

What seperates lymph node follicles?

Answer 58

inward extensions of lymph mode capsule called the trabeculae

Question 59

What do germinal centers contain?

Answer 59

dendritic cells, macrophages, and large number of B lymphocytes

Question 60

Where is the spleen located?

Answer 60

upper left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 61

What does the spleen do?

Answer 61

filters blood and houses phagocytes

Question 62

What are the two distinct regions of the spleen?

Answer 62

white pulp and red pulp

Question 63

What does red pulp contain and what does it surround and do?

Answer 63

macrophages surrounding trabecular veins that destroy old or damaged erythrocytes

Question 64

What does white pulp contain and what does it surround?

Answer 64

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells that surrounds branches of splenic artery called central arteries

Question 65

Where does the blood flow from the central arteries?

Answer 65

through the central arteries, and a series of arterioles until it gets to the sinusoids

Question 66

What are sinusoids?

Answer 66

very leaky capillaries in the spleen

Question 67

How does blood get to the white pulp?

Answer 67

pathogens leak from blood into the white pulp, they encounter immune cells that attempt to remove them from the blood

Question 68

What are mucosa associated lymphoid tissues and tonsils?

Answer 68

clusters of loosely organized lymphatic tissue are scattered throughout mucous membranes in locations such as the gastrointestinal tract

Question 69

Another name for mucosa associated lymphatic tissue?

Answer 69

MALT

Question 70

What can MALT lack?

Answer 70

connective tissue capsule

Question 71

What can specialized MALT be?

Answer 71

partially encapsulated

Question 72

What is an example of specialized MALT?

Answer 72

tonsils

Question 73

Where are the tonsils located?

Answer 73

posterior oropharynx and nasopharynx

Question 74

Another name for pharyngeal tonsils?

Answer 74

adenoids

Question 75

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

Answer 75

posterior nasopharynx

Question 76

Where are the palentine tonsils located?

Answer 76

posterior oropharynx

Question 77

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

Answer 77

base of tongue

Question 78

What tonsils may or may not be present in everyone?

Answer 78

tubal tonsils

Question 79

What is another example of MALT?

Answer 79

peyers patches

Question 80

What are peyers patches?

Answer 80

clusters of MALT located in the terminal portion of the small intestine (ileum)

Question 81

Characteristics of Peyers patches

Answer 81

somewhat resemble lymph nodes, less defined germinal centers and lymphoid follices, capsules are incomplete or absent