Retina and Optic Nerve

Question 1

what are cones responsible for?

Answer 1

bright light
color
acuity

Question 2

what forms the optic nerve?

Answer 2

axons of ganglion cells

Question 3

what do ganglion cells receive signal from?

Answer 3

interneurons

Question 4

what provides outer retinal nutrition?

Answer 4

retinal pigment epithelium
choroid

Question 5

what are the functions of the retinal pigment epithelium?

Answer 5

outer retinal nutrition
blood-retinal barrier
photopigment regeneration
waste disposal
thermal protection

Question 6

what does the tapetum do?

Answer 6

increases light capture
decreases acuity

Question 7

is magnification in direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy greater?

Answer 7

direct

Question 8

what should your scope be set to for small animal indirect?

Answer 8

28D

Question 9

when should you do fundoscopy?

Answer 9

screening for inherited diseases
suspect retinal or optic nerve disease
systemic disease

Question 10

what are the etiologies of retinal dysplasia?

Answer 10

inherited
in utero infection
syndromic

Question 11

what are the features of collie eye anomaly?

Answer 11

choroidal hypoplasia
colobomas
retinal detachment
intraocular hemorrhage

Question 12

does retinal degeneration look similar at the end regardless of etiology?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

who does progressive retinal atrophy occur in?

Answer 13

mostly dogs
rare in cats

Question 14

when is progressive retinal atrophy genetic testing helpful?

Answer 14

breeding
working dog programs

Question 15

what is sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome?

Answer 15

photoreceptor apoptosis
unknown cause

Question 16

what is case presentation of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome?

Answer 16

acute bilateral vision loss
poor menace, PLR, dazzle
commonly cushinoid
normal fundic exam

Question 17

what is electroretinography?

Answer 17

electrical test of outer retinal function

Question 18

what is feline fluoroquinolone toxicity from?

Answer 18

abnormality in transporter protein

Question 19

what infectious diseases can cause chorioretinitis?

Answer 19

systemic fungal disease
viral
rickettsial
protozoal

Question 20

what is chorioretinitis?

Answer 20

inflammation of choroid to retina

Question 21

what percentage of hypertensive dogs have ocular lesions?

Answer 21

62%

Question 22

what are the types of retinal detachment?

Answer 22

rhegmatogenous
exudative
tractional

Question 23

what breeds are predisposed to to get rhegmatogeenous retinal detachment?

Answer 23

shih tzu
boston terrier
italian greyhound

Question 24

what are exam findings in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?

Answer 24

tapetal hyper-reflectivity
absent retinal vessels
grey veil over optic nerve
out of focus

Question 25

what happens in exudative retinal detachment?

Answer 25

retina is pushed out of place

Question 26

what can cause bullous/exudative retinal detachment?

Answer 26

systemic hypertension infectious inflammatory/autoimmune neoplasia

Question 27

is the optic nerve a true nerve?

Answer 27

no white matter tract of brain

Question 28

what is optic neuropathy?

Answer 28

progressive death of retinal ganglion cells and their axons

Question 29

what is interrupted in retinal detachment?

Answer 29

photopigment regeneration

Question 30

what nutrition do retinal vessels provide?

Answer 30

inner retinal nutrition

Question 31

what happens in retinal detachment?

Answer 31

neural retina (photoreceptors) separates from retinal pigmented epithelium

Question 32

what is the tapetum like in carnivores and herbivores?

Answer 32

cellular in carnivores fibrous in herbivores

Question 33

what can you use to dilate the pupil for a fundic exam?

Answer 33

tropicamide not atropine

Question 34

can the tapetum be present or absent depending on coat/eye color?

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

what is the fundus like in a cat?

Answer 35

tapetum, RPE pigment variable no venous circle over optic nerve head optic nerve head lacks myeline conus common

Question 36

what are the clinical presentations of retinal dysplasia?

Answer 36

multifocal retinal dysplasia geographic retinal dysplasia complete or total retinal dysplasia

Question 37

what dogs can get collie eye anomaly?

Answer 37

collie border collie australian shepherd shetland sheepdog others

Question 38

what can cause inherited retinal degenerations?

Answer 38

progressive retinal atrophy

Question 39

what does retinal degeneration look like?

Answer 39

mydriasis decreased to absent menace, dazzle, PLR tapetal hyper-reflectivity thin to absent retinal vessels

Question 40

what causes progressive retinal atrophy?

Answer 40

genetic mutations

Question 41

how is sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome treated?

Answer 41

no proven treatment

Question 42

what is electroretinography used for/

Answer 42

sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome early progressive retinal atrophy retinal function with cataracts prior to surgery

Question 43

what does feline taurine deficiency cause?

Answer 43

degeneration of retina starting dorsolaterally

Question 44

what is treatment like of chorioretinitis?

Answer 44

variable

Question 45

where is the retina attached?

Answer 45

around optic nerve head ora ciliaris retinae

Question 46

what is presentation of optic neuritis?

Answer 46

vision loss anisocoria, mydriasis other neurologic signs

Question 47

what is glaucoma?

Answer 47

optic neuropathy: progressive death of retinal ganglion cells and their axons